Download Chapter 12 Psychological Disorders

Chapter 12
Psychological
Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What are
Psychological Disorders?
The medical model takes a
“disease” view, while
psychology sees
psychological disorders as
an interaction of biological,
cognitive, social, and
behavioral factors.
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What are Psychological Disorders?
Psychopathology –
Any pattern of emotions, behaviors, or
thoughts inappropriate to the situation
and leading to personal distress or the
inability to achieve important goals.
Also referred to as:
• Mental illness
• Mental disorder
• Psychological disorder
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What are Psychological Disorders?
Three classic signs suggest severe
psychopathology:
1. Hallucinations
-false sensory experiences that may suggest
mental disorder.
2. Delusions
-persistent false beliefs.
3. Severe affective disturbances
-emotion or mood.
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Indicators of Abnormality
• Other signs of a disorder are more
subtle, and a diagnosis depends heavily
on clinical judgment.
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
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The Medical Model
• The view that mental disorders are
diseases that, like ordinary physical
diseases, have objective physical causes
and require specific
treatments.
• Mental disorders are best
treated with drug therapy.
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The Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
Behavioral perspective –
Abnormal behaviors can be acquired
through behavioral learning – operant
and classical conditioning.
Cognitive perspective –
Abnormal behaviors are influenced by
mental processes – how people perceive
themselves and their relations with
others.
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The Social-Cognitive-Behavioral
Approach
• A psychological
alternative to the
medical model that
views psychological
disorder through a
combination of the
social, cognitive,
and behavioral
perspectives.
Cognition
Environment
Behavior
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How are Psychological
Disorders Classified?
The most widely used
system, found in the
DSM-V, classifies disorders
by their mental and
behavioral symptoms.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
DSM-5
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Somatic Symptoms and Related Disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Elimination Disorders
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Sexual Dysfunctions
Gender Dysphoria
Disruptive, Impulsive-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders
Personality Disorders
Paraphilic Disorders
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Disabilities (ID)
Communication Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
Specific Learning Disorder
Motor Disorders
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Autism Spectrum Disorder –
Persistent deficits in social communication
and social interaction.
1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity
2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors
used for social interaction
3. Deficits in developing, maintaining, and
understanding relationships
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Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD)–
A persistent pattern of inattention and/or
hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with
functioning of development.
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Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
Schizotypal (Personality) Disorder
Delusional Disorder
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Schizophreniform Disorder
Schizophrenia
Schizoaffective Disorder
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Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other
Psychotic Disorders
Defined as abnormalities in one or more of
the following domains:
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized thinking (speech)
4. Abnormal motor behavior (catatonia)
5. Negative symptoms
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Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
• Evidence for the causes of schizophrenia
has been found in a variety of factors
including genetics, abnormal brain
structure, and biochemistry.
Diathesis-stress hypothesis –
Genetic factors place the individual at
risk, but environmental stress factors
transform this potential into an actual
schizophrenic disorder.
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar I Disorder
Bipolar II Disorder
Cyclothymic Disorder
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Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar Disorder A condition in which a
person alternates between
periods of depression
and periods of mania
(excessive elation or
excitement).
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Depressive Disorders
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
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Depressive Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder Affects how you feel, think and behave
causing persistent feelings of sadness
and loss of interest in previously enjoyed
activities.
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Depressive Disorders
Five or more of the following symptoms must be
present during the same 2 week period AND at least
one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or
(2) loss of interest or pleasure:
-depressed mood
-diminished pleasure in most activities
-significant weight loss or weight gain
-insomnia or hypersomnia
-psychomotor agitation
-fatigue or loss or energy
-feelings of worthlessness or guilt
-diminished ability to think or concentrate
-recurrent thoughts of death
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Depressive Disorders
Seasonal Affective
Disorder (SAD)
A condition in which
people become
seriously depressed in
one season of the year;
usually winter.
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Anxiety Disorders
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Selective Mutism
Specific Phobia
Social Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Agoraphobia
Generalized Anxiety
Disorder (GAD)
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Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety disorders include disorders
that share features of excessive fear
and anxiety and related behavioral
disturbances.
Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
Specific Phobias–
Marked by fear or anxiety about a
specific object or situation.
Specify if:
- animal
- natural environment
- blood-injection injury
- situational
- other
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Anxiety Disorders
Preparedness hypothesis –
Notion that we have an innate tendency,
acquired through natural selection, to
respond quickly and automatically to
stimuli that posed a survival threat to our
ancestors.
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Anxiety Disorders
Panic disorder –
Marked by recurrent, unexpected
panic attacks.
Panic attack - an abrupt surge of intense
fear or intense discomfort that reaches a
peak within minutes. Symptoms include:
heart palpitations, sweating, trembling,
shortness of breath, feelings of choking,
chest pain, nausea, and dizziness.
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Anxiety Disorders
Agoraphobia –
Fear of public places/open spaces.
Marked fear or anxiety about at least two of the following
situations:
1. Using public transportation
2. Being in open spaces
3. Being in enclosed places
4. Standing in line or being in a crowd
5. Being outside of the home alone
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Anxiety Disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder –
Excessive anxiety and worry occurring
more days than not for at least 6 months,
about a number of activities (such as
work or school performance).
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Obsessive-Compulsive and Related
Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
(OCD)
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Hoarding Disorder
Trichotillomania
Excoriation Disorder
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OCD
Obsessive-compulsive disorder –
Characterized by obsessions (recurrent
and persistent thoughts) and
compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
The 3 C’s
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Trauma and Stressor-Related
Disorders
Reactive Attachment
Disorder (RAD)
Disinhibited Social
Engagement Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress
Disorder (PTSD)
Acute Stress Disorder
Adjustment Disorders
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Trauma and Stressor-Related
Disorders
PTSD –
Exposure to actual or
threatened death, serious injury,
or sexual violence that causes
the person to involuntarily
re-experience emotional,
cognitive, and behavioral
aspects of past trauma.
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID)
Dissociative Amnesia
 Specify if: with
dissociative fugue
Depersonalization/
Derealization Disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative disorders –
Group of pathologies involving
“fragmentation” of the personality.
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative
fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
• A psychologically
induced loss of
memory for
personal
information.
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
• Dissociative
amnesia with the
addition of “flight”
from one’s home,
family, and job.
Dissociative
identity disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
• Abnormality
involving the
sensation of mind
and body having
separated.
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Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
disorder
Dissociative
identity disorder
• Condition in which
the individual
displays multiple
identities.
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Somatic Symptoms and Related
Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Conversion Disorder
Fictitious Disorder
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Somatic Symptoms
Somatoform disorders –
Psychological problems appearing
in the form of bodily symptoms or
physical complaints.
Conversion disorder –
A person experiences blindness, paralysis,
or other nervous system symptoms that
cannot be explained by medical evaluation
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Feeding and Eating Disorders
Pica
Rumination Disorder
Avoidant/Restrictive Food
Intake Disorder
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge-Eating Disorder
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Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and
Conduct Disorders
Oppositional Defiant
Disorder (ODD)
Intermittent Explosive
Disorder
Conduct Disorder
Antisocial Personality
Disorder
Pyromania
Kleptomania
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Neurocognitive Disorders
Delirium
Major of Mild
Neurocognitive
Disorders
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Personality Disorders
Cluster A:
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Cluster B:
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Cluster C:
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Dependent Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
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Personality Disorders
Personality disorders –
An enduring pattern of inner experience and
behavior that deviates markedly from the
expectations of the individual’s culture, is
pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in
adolescence or early adulthood, is stable
over time, and leads to distress or
impairment.
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Personality Disorders
Antisocial personality disorder –
A pattern of disregard for, and violation
of, the rights of others.
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Personality Disorders
Borderline personality disorder –
A pattern of instability in interpersonal
relationships, self-image, and affects,
and marked impulsivity.
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Personality Disorders
Narcissistic
personality disorder
A pattern of
grandiosity, need for
admiration, and lack
of empathy.
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Other Conditions That May Be a
Focus of Clinical Attention
Mild depression
Physical
complaints
Parent-child
problems
Bereavement
Marital
problems
Academic
problems
Job problems
Physical/Sexual
abuse
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What are the Consequences
of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses
lead to proper treatments, but
diagnoses may also become
labels that depersonalize
individuals and ignore the
social and cultural contexts in
which their problems arise.
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M’Naghten Rule
• A defendant is not criminally responsible if, at
the time of committing an unlawful act, the
person was laboring under such a defect of
reason, from disease of the mind, as not to know
the nature and quality of the act he was doing; or
if he did know it, that he did not know he was
doing wrong.
Daniel M‘Naghten
Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel
Edward Drummond
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The Plea of Insanity
“Not guilty by
reason of insanity”
Insanity –
A legal term, not a
psychological one,
referring to a person
who is unable, because
of a mental disorder or
defect, to confirm his or
her behavior to the law.
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