Download Richard J. Gerrig, Ph.D. and Philip Zimbardo, Ph.D.

Chapter 14
Psychological Disorders
Chapter 14 Preview
The Nature of Psychological Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Chapter 14 Preview
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
Personality Disorders
Chapter 14 Preview
Psychological Disorders of Childhood
The Stigma of Mental Illness
Recapping Main Points
Involves disruptions in
functioning
Psychopathological
Nature of Psychological Disorders
emotional, behavioral, or
thought process that leads to
personal distress or blocks
ability to achieve important
goals
psychology
Abnormal
The Nature of Psychological Disorders
Area of psychological investigation
most directly concerned with
understanding nature of pathologies of
mind, mood, and behavior
Deciding What is Abnormal
Normal or Abnormal?
• Distress or Disability
• Maladaptiveness
• Irrationality
• Unpredictability
• Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity
• Observer Discomfort
• Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards
Problem of Objectivity
“The decision to declare someone
psychologically disordered or abnormal is
always a judgment about behavior.”
Classifying Psychological Disorders
diagnosis
Psychological
Common shorthand language
Understanding of causality
Treatment plan
Classifying Psychological Disorders
Historical Perspectives on
Classification
• Emil Krapelin
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM)
Classifying Psychological Disorders
DSM-IV
(1994)
and
DSM-IV-
TR
(2000)
• Axis I – Clinical Disorders
• Axis II – Personality Disorders,
Mental Retardation
• Axis III – General Medical Conditions
• Axis IV – Psychosocial and
Environmental Problems
(Psychosocial Stressors)
• Axis V – Global Assessment of
Functioning (GAF Scale)
Comorbidity
What is comorbidity?
Experience of more
than one disorder at
same time
Classifying Psychological Disorders
• Neurotic
Evolution of
Disorders
Diagnostic
• Psychotic
Categories
Disorders
• Insanity
Etiology of Psychopathology
Biological
Psychological
Approaches
Approaches
• Assume that
• Focus causal
psychological
role of
disturbances are
psychological or
directly
social factors in
attributable to
development of
underlying
psychopathology
biological factors
Psychological
Approaches
•
•
•
•
Psychodynamic
Behavioral
Cognitive
Sociocultural
Stop and check!
(HINT: Check
Do you have “medical
students’ disease”?
page 393 of your
text for more
information)
Anxiety Disorders
Agoraphobia
Phobias
Panic Disorder
Generalized
Anxiety
Disorder (GAD)
Social Phobia
Disorders
Specific Phobia
Critical Thinking in Your Life
How do disorders enter the DSM?
Why do the definitions of disorders include
clusters of symptoms?
Why does improved diagnosis often allow
improved treatment?
Anxiety Disorders: Types
• Obsessions
• recurrent
thoughts,
Obsessive-
images, or
impulses
Compulsive
• Compulsions
Disorder
• repetitive,
(OCD)
purposeful
acts
performed
according to
certain rules
Anxiety Disorders: Types
• Persistent re-
Posttraumatic
Stress
Disorder
(PTSD)
experiencing of
traumatic events
• Causes: War,
combat, crime,
disaster
• Symptoms: Severe
life disruption
Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Psychodynamic
Biological
Cognitive
Behavioral
Causes of Mood Disorders
Preparedness
hypothesis
Biological
Family and
Imaging
twin studies
techniques
Causes of Mood Disorders
Underlying
psychic
conflict
Psychodynamic
Displaced
anxiety
Causes of Mood Disorders
Behavioral
Reinforcement
or conditioning
Causes of Mood Disorders
Distorted perceptual
processes or
attitudes
Cognitive
Cognitive biases
Anxiety sensitivity
Mood Disorders
Mood Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder
• Manic Episode
Causes of Mood Disorders
Brain states
Biological
Genetics
Causes of Mood Disorders
Unconscious
conflicts
Psychodynamic
Self-reproach
Hostile
and anger
feelings
Causes of Mood Disorders
Positive
reinforcement
Behavioral
Punishment
Causes of Mood Disorders
Negative cognitive
sets
Cognitive
Martin Seligman:
Aaron Beck: Cognitive
Learned helplessness
triad of depression
Mood Disorders
• Susan Nolen-
Hoeksema
Gender
Differences in
Depression
• Women:
Ruminative style
increases
vulnerability to
depression
Gender Differences in Rumination
Mood Disorders
• Youth suicide not spur
of moment
• Feelings of
Suicide
hopelessness and
isolation
• Negative self-concepts
• Higher risk for gays
and lesbians
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Somatoform
Disorders
• Physical illness or
complaints that cannot be
fully explained by actual
medical conditions
Personality Disorders
• Preoccupation with
Hypochondriasis
having or getting
physical ailment despite
reassurance of health
Psychology in Your Life
How can we pinpoint interactions of nature
and nurture?
Can you answer the above question and
provide an example from your own life?
Personality Disorders
Antisocial
Personality
Disorder
• Longstanding pattern of
irresponsible or unlawful
behavior that violates social
norms
Personality Disorders
Borderline
Personality
Disorder
• Great instability and
intensity in personal
relationships; generally
result from controlling
anger
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
Disorders
• Disturbance in
integration of
identity, memory, or
consciousness
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Somatoform
Disorders
• Hypochondriasis
• Somatization
disorder
• Conversion disorder
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
Disorders
• Dissociative
Amnesia
• Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID)
Breakdown of integrated
Disorder
Schizophrenic
Schizophrenic Disorders
personality functioning,
withdrawal from reality,
emotional distortions, disturbed
thought
Schizophrenic Disorders
Delusions
Hallucinations
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Type
Undifferentiated
Catatonic Type
Disorganized
Type
Type
Types
Residual Type
Genetic Risk of Developing Schizophrenia
Causes of Schizophrenia
Diathesis-Stress
Hypothesis
Brain Function
and Biological
Markers
Family Interaction
Genetic
as Environmental
Approaches
Causes
Stressor
Psychological Disorders of Childhood
Degree of
Attention-deficit
Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
inattention not
consistent with
level of
development
Signs of
hyperactivityimpulsivity
Psychological Disorders of Childhood
Severe
Autistic
disorder
disruption
in ability to
form social
bonds
Stigma of Mental Illness
Stigma
Negative reaction to
individual or group because
of some assumed inferiority
Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
The Nature of Psychological Disorders
• Deciding what is abnormal
• Problem of objectivity
• Classifying psychological disorders
• Etiology of psychopathology
Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Anxiety Disorders
• Generalized Anxiety Disorders
• Panic Disorders
• Phobias
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
• Posttraumatic Stress disorders
• Causes of Anxiety Disorders
Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Mood Disorders
• Major Depressive Disorders
• Bipolar Disorder
• Causes of Mood Disorders
• Gender Differences in Depression
• Suicide
Personality Disorders
• Borderline Personality Disorder
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenic Disorders
• Major Types of Schizophrenia
• Causes of Schizophrenia
Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points
Psychological Disorders of Childhood
• Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Autistic Disorder
The Stigma of Mental Illness