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Ch. 13
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Psychological Disorders
1. Perspectives on Psychological
Disorders
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Societal
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Individual
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Does the behavior conform to existing social norms?
Personal sense of well-being
Happy, satisfied, peaceful
Mental-health professional
Personality
 Personal discomfort
 Life functioning
 Click here to view the Perspectives on Psychological Disorders
table
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A. Historical Views of Psychological Disorders
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Supernatural view dominated early societies
Mental hospitals used to be like prisons
B. Theories of the Nature, Causes, and
Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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The Biological Model
 Physiological or biochemical basis
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The Psychoanalytic Model
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The Cognitive-Behavioral Model
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Result of unconscious conflicts
Result of learning maladaptive behaviors and belief
The Diathesis-Stress Model & Systems Theory
Diathesis-Stress - predisposition to disorder which is
triggered by stress
 Systems Theory - Biopsychosocial Model
 risk factors combine to produce disorder
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C. Classifying Psychological Disorders
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV)
 Used for insurance purposes
 Focuses on significant behavioral patterns
 Lists symptoms
 Criticism
 Disorders classified as diseases
 Many of the symptoms have nothing to do with
mental illness
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Click here to view the Diagnostic Categories of DSM-IV table
D. The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
2. Mood Disorders
A. Depression - sadness, worthlessness
 Biological
factors
 Psychological factors
 Arbitrary inference
 Selective abstraction
 Overgeneralization
 Magnification and minimization
 Major Depressive Disorder Video
 Social
factors
 Social factors
 Troubled-close relationships
 Depressed people evoke anxiety and
hostility in others
 Vicious cycle
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B. Mania
 Euphoria and extreme activity
 Bipolar disorder - alternating depression and
mania
C. Causes of Mood Disorders
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Biological factors
 Twin studies
 Genetic and neurotransmitter problems
Psychological factors
 Cognitive distortions
 Negative self-image
 Feelings of unworthiness
3. Anxiety Disorders
A. Specific phobias - intense fear of specific
situations or objects
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Social phobias - excessive fear of social situations
Agoraphobic - intense fear of crowds and public
places
B. Panic disorder
Intense terror without cause
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C. Other Anxiety Disorders
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Generalized anxiety disorder - unfocused fears
Obsessive-compulsive disorder - disturbing thoughtsrituals
D. Causes of Anxiety Disorders
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Conditioning (e.g. dog bite)
Not in control (e.g. high crime areas)
Autonomic response influenced by genetics
Displacement (e.g. fear of spouse)
4. Psychosomatic and Somatoform
Disorders
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A. Psychosomatic Disorder
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B. Somatoform Disorders
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Real illness with psychological causes such as stress
or anxiety
Physical symptoms without physical cause
C. Causes of Somatoform Disorders
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Freud- Traumatic experience in past
Cognitive behavioral - Examine ways the behavior is
being rewarded
May be real physical illnesses that are misdiagnosed
5. Dissociative Disorders
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A. Dissociative Amnesia
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B. Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Multiple Personality Disorder
C. Depersonalization Disorder
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Flight and assumption of new identity
Person suddenly feels strangely changed or different
D. Causes of Dissociative Disorders
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Unconscious processes
May also include biological factors
6. Sexual Disorders
A. Sexual Dysfunction
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Erectile disorder - inability to achieve or maintain an
erection
B. Paraphilias
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Fetishism
Pedophilia
C. Gender-Identity Disorders
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Involve desire to become a member of the other
sex.
7. Personality Disorders
A. Schizoid - inability to form social relationships
B. Paranoid - very suspicious of others
C. Dependent - inability to make decisions or act
independently
D. Avoidant - social anxiety leading to isolation
E. Narcissistic - grandiose sense of self-importance
F. Borderline - instability in self-image, mood,
relationships
G. Antisocial - showing no sense of remorse
H. Causes of Personality Disorders
8. Schizophrenic Disorders
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A. Hallucinations
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Sensory experiences without stimulation
B. Delusions
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False beliefs
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C. Types of Schizophrenic Disorders
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Disorganized schizophrenia
 Bizarre behavior
 Incoherent
Catatonic schizophrenia
Paranoid schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Video
D. Causes of Schizophrenia
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Biological predisposition may be inherited
May be excessive dopamine
May involve family relationships and social class
9. Childhood Disorders
A. Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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Psychostimulants
 Increases focus
B. Autistic Disorder
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Fail to form attachments
Raymond in Rain Man
10. Gender and Cultural Differences
in Psychological Disorders
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A. Gender Differences
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More women are in treatment
Men express more aggression
Women more fearful, hopeless
 This is probably both biological and sociological
B. Cultural Differences
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Many disorders occur only in particular cultural
groups
 Prevalence of some disorders among
males/females/children differs markedly by culture
End of Chapter