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Mental Health Concerns for Educators in Prison An Overview Of Mental Health Services In NC Prisons Rich Bruner, Staff Psychologist II 1 Overview: Delivery and Structure of MH services Major diagnoses Typical presentations and medications Classroom concerns Questions, comments… 2 Mental Health Service Delivery Intake Initial screening: - Mental Health Screening Inventory - IQ testing -Achievement testing: WRAT-3 -Reading, Spelling, Arithmetic standard scores and grade equivalent Therapeutic Services: - Individual and Group Psychotherapy Psychiatry Hospitalization Special Programs – Day Treatment, SOAR 3 Identifying DD/MR Beta scores < 70 (x2) WAIS-III score < 70 - with significant social impairment Adaptive Behavior Checklist of Substantial Life Functions 4 Adaptive Behavior Checklist Self Care Receptive and Expressive Language Learning Mobility Self-Direction Capacity for Independent Living Economic Self-Sufficiency Three or more significant life function deficits to meet Developmentally Disabled criteria 150 identified MR inmates in the system 5 Structure of MH Services Outpatient Services - Psychological ……………..48/78 prisons - Psychiatric………………...22 prisons Residential Treatment……........3 prisons Inpatient Treatment (Hospital)...2 prisons 6 Numbers Inpatient……………......…28♀+87♂=115 Residential…………..…………….210 Outpatient - Psychologist (or social worker) …....1500 - Psychiatrist….......................1900 TOTAL: 3700+ *approx. 10% of 37,000 inmates 7 Prison Population Projections 2006: 2010: 2015: 38,000 40,000+ ~45,000 (Job security !?!) Only 6% are misdemeanor offenders i.e. (short terms) * Community Mental Health shortage of services 8 Reference: DSM-IV™ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition © 1994 American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC 9 Classification of Mental Disorders Axis I - Clinical Disorders -and other conditions of clinical attention Psychosis and Delusional Disorders Mood Disorders Anxiety Disorders Substance Dependence Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD) 10 Classification of Mental Disorders Axis II - Personality Disorders - Antisocial Personality Disorder - Others - Mental Retardation Axis III - General Medical Conditions 11 Psychotic Disorders 1/6 of prison caseload ~ 600+ inmates - many in Inpatient or Residential treatment Typically 0.2 – 2% of non-prison population - with differences in rural vs urban, etc. ~ 1.6% prison pop. 12 Psychotic Disorders: What will you see? Symptoms: Presentation: Perception and thought…………… Language and Communication….. Low productivity of thought, delusions and hallucinations Disorganized speech Behavioral Monitoring…………….. Disorganized behavior, catatonic Productivity of thought……………. Excessive or diminished thought Affect……………………………….. Reduced emotional expression Volition, drive and attention………. Avolition, reduced drive 13 Medications for Psychotic Disorders --Limited formulary… Oral (most choices): - Risperdal Haldol Geodon Abilify Others Injectable: - Haldol Decanoate - Prolixin - Risperdal Consta - $$$ Good Effects: - Less hallucinations! Sedation Improved thought More volition, motivation Bad Effects: - Tremors Rigid expression Dystonic reactions (spastic) Over sedation / restlessness Weight gain 14 Mood Disorders - Depressive and Bipolar Disorder Symptoms: - Depression Anhedonia Disturbances in appetite, sleep, energy Feelings of worthlessness, guilt Difficulty thinking/concentrating Thoughts of death and self-harm ___________ *Ask directly! Mania: High energy, sleeplessness elevated mood, pressure of speech 15 Medications for Mood Disorders DEPRESSION: Limited Formulary – No Tricyclic Antidepressants: - sedating medications, cheaper, but more side effects and less effectiveness - SSRI’s: Prozac, Celexa, Paxil, Zoloft - SNRI: Effexor - Atypical: Wellbutrin MANIA: Mood stabilizers, anti-psychotic meds -Depakote, Tegretol, Risperdal, Geodon 16 Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorder - with and without agoraphobia Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Generalized Anxiety Disorder ------------------------------------------------- Range of symptoms: Frequency, Duration, or Intensity sufficient enough to result in significant social impairment 17 Substance Dependence Several types with mood and scholastic effects… - Crack cocaine - Methamphetamine - Hallucinogens – LSD, Ecstasy - Alcohol, Opioids, Inhalants Temporary and permanent brain effects… - Diminished receptor sites with regrowth - Alzheimer’s like brain damage Treatment: Substance specific groups -AA, NA; and Residential D.A.R.T. Psychotherapy for presenting secondary disorder 18 Attention Deficit – Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Child onset, originally thought to disappear in adulthood, now 30 to 50% of ADHD children thought to carry diagnosis to adulthood. - Low level of diagnosis in prisons: (40) Underdiagnosed? DX: Hyperactive-impulsive and Inattentive Behaviors Causing impairment prior to age 7 In at least two settings – home, school, work, social situations With clear interference in developmentally appropriate social, academic or occupational functioning 19 Adult ADHD in the Classroom (Adapted from Wender PH. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995:122-43.) Childhood history consistent with ADHD Adult symptoms I. II. Two of the following: Poor concentration (less hyperactivity) Inability to complete tasks and disorganization Affective lability Hot temper Stress intolerance Impulsivity 20 Treatment for Adult ADHD Info-therapy Skills training – organizational, environmental Medication (rarely in prison) Stimulants: Strattera – but not Ritalin, Dexedrine, etc SSRI’s: Prozac, Paxil – less efficacy, symptomatic tx. Other: Wellbutrin (atypical antidepressant) 21 Axis II: Personality Disorders Antisocial Paranoid Schizotypal Histrionic Dependent Narcissistic - An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from expectations of the individual’s culture, is pervasive and inflexible, has an early onset, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment. Personality Disorder NOS and others! 22 Antisocial Personality Disorder Common in prisons for some reason… #’s 677 diagnosed, Personality Disorder NOS # 680 (Out of 3700 patients) Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others since age 15 – with childhood Conduct Disorder Failure to conform to social norms and lawful behaviors Deceitfulness, lying, conning for profit or pleasure Impulsivity, failure to plan ahead Irritability and aggressiveness Reckless disregard for safety of self or others Consistent irresponsibility – in work or financial obligations Lack of remorse – indifferent or rationalizing 23 Dangerousness Knowing the risks - Axis I (Clinical) versus Axis II (Personality) risks Personal boundaries - and imposed limitations Assistance is available Consult, refer, and excuse! 24 Questions and Comments? Rich Bruner, Staff Psychologist II Avery-Mitchell Correctional Institution 25