Download Understanding Psychology 5th Edition Morris and Maisto

Understanding Psychology
6th Edition
Charles G. Morris and Albert A. Maisto
PowerPoint Presentation by
H. Lynn Bradman
Metropolitan Community College
©Prentice Hall 2003
12-1
Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
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Perspectives on Psychological
Disorders
• Mental health professionals term a psychological
disorder as a condition that either seriously impairs a
person's ability to function in life or creates a high
level of inner distress (or sometimes both).
• This view does not mean that the category
"disordered” is always easy to distinguish from the
category “normal.”
• In fact, it may be more accurate to view abnormal
behavior as merely quantitatively different from
normal behavior
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Perspectives on Psychological
Disorders
• Society:
– Behavior is abnormal when it does not conform to
the existing social order.
• Individual:
– One’s own sense of personal well-being
determines normality.
• Mental-health professional:
– Personality and degree of personal discomfort and
life functioning determine normality.
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Approaches to Psychological
Disorders
• Biological model:
– Disorders have a biochemical or physiological
basis.
• Psychoanalytic model:
– Disorders result from unconscious internal
conflicts.
• Cognitive-behavioral model:
– Disorders result from learning maladaptive ways of
thinking and behaving.
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Approaches to Psychological
Disorders
• Diathesis-stress model:
– People biologically predisposed to a mental
disorder (diathesis) will tend to exhibit that
disorder when particularly affected by stress.
• Systems approach:
– Biological, psychological, and social risk factors
combine to produce disorders.
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Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual of Mental Disorders-IV
• A publication of the American Psychiatric
Association that classifies more than 230
psychological disorders into 16 categories.
• The most widely used classification of
psychological disorders.
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Mood Disorders
• Most people have a wide emotional range,
but in some people with mood disorders, this
range is greatly restricted.
• They seem stuck at one or the other end of
the emotional spectrum, or they may
alternate back and forth between periods of
mania and depression.
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Mood Disorders
• Disturbances in mood or prolonged emotional
state.
– Depression
– Mania
– Bipolar disorder
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Depression
• A mood disorder characterized by
overwhelming feelings of sadness,
• Lack of interest in activities,
• And perhaps excessive guilt or feelings of
worthlessness.
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Depression
• The DSM-IV distinguishes between two forms
of clinical depression.
– Major depressive disorder is an episode of intense
sadness that may last for several months.
– Dysthymia involves less intense sadness but
persists with little relief for a period of two years
or more.
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Suicide
• More women than men attempt suicide, but
more men succeed.
• Suicide rates among American adolescents
and young adults have been rising, and
suicide is the third leading cause of death
among adolescents.
• A common feeling associated with suicide is
hopelessness, which is also typical of
depression.
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Mania
• A mood disorder characterized by euphoric
states:
–
–
–
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Extreme physical activity
Excessive talkativeness
Distractedness
Sometimes grandiosity.
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Bipolar Disorder
• A mood disorder in which periods of mania
and depression alternate, sometimes with
periods of normal mood intervening.
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Causes of Mood Disorders
• Most psychologists now believe that mood
disorders result from a combination of:
– Biological factors
– Psychological factors
– Social factors
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Biological Factors
• Genetics appears to play a role in the
development of mood disorders.
• The strongest evidence for the role of
genetics comes from twin studies.
• Certain chemical imbalances in the brain have
been linked to mood disorders.
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Psychological Factors
• Cognitive distortions may lead to the
development of mood disorders.
• Cognitive distortions:
– An illogical and maladaptive response to early
negative life events that leads to feelings of
incompetence and unworthiness that are
reactivated whenever a new situation arises that
resembles the original events.
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Types of Illogical Thinking
•
•
•
•
Arbitrary inference
Selective abstraction
Overgeneralization
Magnification and minimization
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Social Factors
• Difficulties in interpersonal relationships may
lead to mood disorders.
• The link between depression and troubled
relationships may explain why women are
more likely to suffer from depression--women
tend to be more relationship-oriented than
men.
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Anxiety Disorders
• Normal fear is caused by something
identifiable, and the fear subsides with time.
• In the case of anxiety disorder, however,
either the person doesn't know why he or she
is afraid, or the anxiety is inappropriate to the
circumstances.
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Anxiety Disorders
• Disorders in which anxiety is a characteristic
feature or the avoidance of anxiety seems to
motivate abnormal behavior.
• Phobias
• Panic disorder
• Generalized anxiety disorder
• Obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Types of Phobias
• Specific:
– Intense, paralyzing fear of some object or thing
• Social:
– Excessive, inappropriate fears connected with
social situations or performances in front of other
people
• Agoraphobia:
– Involves multiple, intense fear of crowds, public
places, and other situations that require
separation from a source of security
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Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by
recurrent panic attacks.
• Panic attack:
– A sudden, unpredictable, and overwhelming
experience of intense fear or terror without any
reasonable cause.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized by
prolonged vague but intense fears that are
not attached to any particular object or
circumstance.
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Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder
• An anxiety disorder in which a person feels
driven to think disturbing thoughts
(obsessions) and/or to perform senseless
rituals (compulsions).
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Causes of Anxiety Disorders
• Prepared responses:
– Responses that evolution has made us biologically
predisposed to acquire through learning
• Not feeling in control of one’s life
• May be caused by an inherited predisposition
• Internal psychological conflict
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Psychosomatic and
Somatoform Disorders
• Psychosomatic disorders are illnesses that
have a valid physical basis but are largely
caused by psychological factors such as
excessive stress and anxiety.
• In contrast, somatoform disorders are
characterized by physical symptoms without
any identifiable physical cause.
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Psychosomatic Versus
Somatoform
• Psychosomatic:
– Disorders in which there is real physical illness
that is largely caused by psychological factors
such as stress and anxiety.
• Somatoform:
– Disorders in which there is an apparent physical
illness for which there is no organic basis.
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Somatoform Disorders
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•
•
•
Somatization disorder
Conversion disorder
Hypochondriasis
Body dysmorphic disorder
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Somatization Disorder
• A somatoform disorder characterized by
recurrent vague somatic complaints without a
physical cause.
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Conversion Disorder
• Somatoform disorders in which a dramatic
specific disability has no physical cause but
instead seems related to psychological
problems.
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Hypochondriasis
• A somatoform disorder in which a person
interprets insignificant symptoms as signs of
serious illness in the absence of any organic
evidence of such illness.
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Body Dysmorphic Disorder
• A somatoform disorder in which a person
becomes so preoccupied with his or her
imagined ugliness that normal life is
impossible.
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Dissociative Disorders
• In dissociative disorders, some part of a
person's personality or memory is separated
from the rest.
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Dissociative amnesia
Dissociative fugue
Dissociative identity disorder
Depersonalization disorder
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Dissociative Amnesia
• A dissociative disorder characterized by loss
of memory for past events without organic
cause.
• Dissociative amnesia may result from an
intolerable experience.
• Dissociative amnesia is rare.
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Dissociative Fugue
• A dissociative disorder that involves flight
from home and the assumption of a new
identity, with amnesia for past identity and
events.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
• A dissociative disorder in which a person has
several distinct personalities that emerge at
different times.
• Formerly known as multiple personality
disorder.
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Depersonalization Disorder
• A dissociative disorder whose essential
feature is that the person suddenly feels
changed or different in a strange way.
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Sexual and Gender-Identity
Disorders
• DSM-IV recognizes three main types of sexual
disorders.
– Sexual dysfunctions
– Paraphilias
– Gender-identity disorders
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Sexual Dysfunctions
• A loss or impairment of the ordinary physical
responses of sexual function.
• Erectile disorder:
– The inability of a man to achieve or maintain an
erection.
• Female sexual arousal disorder:
– The inability of a woman to become sexually
aroused or to reach orgasm.
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Sexual Dysfunctions
• Sexual desire disorders:
– Disorders in which the person lacks sexual interest
or has an active distaste for sex.
• Sexual arousal disorder:
– Inability to achieve or sustain arousal until the end
of intercourse in a person who is capable of
experiencing sexual desire.
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Sexual Dysfunctions
• Orgasmic disorders:
– Inability to reach orgasm in a person able to
experience sexual desire and maintain arousal.
• Premature ejaculation:
– Inability of a man to inhibit orgasm as long as
desired.
• Vaginismus:
– Involuntary muscle spasms in the outer part of the
vagina that make intercourse impossible.
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Paraphilias
• Sexual disorders in which unconventional
objects or situations cause sexual arousal.
• Fetishism:
– A paraphilia in which a nonhuman object is the
preferred or exclusive method of achieving sexual
excitement.
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Paraphilias
• Voyeurism:
– Desire to watch others having sexual relations or
to spy on nude people.
• Exhibitionism:
– Compulsion to expose one’s genitals in public to
achieve sexual arousal.
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Paraphilias
• Frotteurism:
– Compulsion to achieve sexual arousal by touching
or rubbing against a nonconsenting person in
public situations.
• Transvestic fetishism:
– Wearing the clothes of the opposite sex to achieve
sexual gratification.
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Paraphilias
• Sexual sadism:
– Obtaining sexual gratification from humiliating or
physically harming a sex partner.
• Sexual masochism:
– Inability to enjoy sex without accompanying
emotional or physical pain.
• Pedophilia:
– Desire to have sexual relations with children as
the preferred or exclusive method of achieving
sexual excitement.
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Gender-Identity Disorders
• Disorders that involve the desire to become,
or the insistence that one really is, a member
of the other biological sex.
• Gender-identity disorder in children:
– Rejection of one’s biological gender in childhood,
along with the clothing and behavior society
considers appropriate to that gender.
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Personality Disorders
• Disorders in which inflexible and maladaptive
ways of thinking and behaving learned early
in life cause distress to the person and/or
conflicts with others.
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Three Clusters of Personality
Disorders
• Cluster A:
– Odd or eccentric behavior
– Schizoid, paranoid
• Cluster B:
– Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
– Narcisstic, borderline, antisocial
• Cluster C:
– Anxious or fearful
– Dependent, avoidant
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
• A personality disorder in which a person is
withdrawn and lacks feelings for others.
• The classic “loner.”
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Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the person is
inappropriately suspicious and mistrustful of
others.
• Paranoid personality disorder is NOT the
same as paranoid schizophrenia.
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Narcissistic Personality
Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the person has
an exaggerated sense of self-importance and
needs constant admiration.
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Borderline Personality
Disorder
• Personality disorder characterized by marked
instability in self-image, mood, and
interpersonal relationships.
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
(ASPD)
• Personality disorder that involves a pattern of
violent, criminal, or unethical and exploitative
behavior and an inability to feel affection for
others.
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Possible Causes of ASPD
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•
•
•
Biological predisposition
Adverse psychological experiences
Unhealthy social environment
Abnormal levels of certain neurotransmitters
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Dependent Personality
Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the person is
unable to make choices and decisions
independently and cannot tolerate being
alone.
• Appear to have an underlying fear of being
abandoned or rejected.
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Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Personality disorder in which the person’s
fears of rejection by others leads to social
isolation.
• Avoidant personality disorder differs from
schizoid personality disorder in that avoidant
individuals want to have close relationships
with other people.
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Schizophrenic Disorders
• Severe disorders in which there are
disturbances of thoughts, communications,
and emotions, including delusions and
hallucinations.
• Delusions:
– False beliefs about reality that have no basis in
fact.
• Hallucinations:
– Sensory experiences in the absence of external
stimulation.
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Types of Schizophrenic
Disorders
• Disorganized schizophrenia:
– Bizarre and childlike behaviors are common.
• Catatonic schizophrenia:
– Disturbed motor activity is prominent.
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Types of Schizophrenic
Disorders
• Paranoid schizophrenia:
– Marked by extreme suspiciousness and complex,
bizarre delusions.
• The presence of delusions differentiates this
disorder from paranoid personality disorder.
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Types of Schizophrenic
Disorders
• Undifferentiated schizophrenia:
– There are clear schizophrenic symptoms that do
not meet the criteria for another subtype of the
disorder.
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Possible Causes of
Schizophrenia
•
•
•
•
Genetics
Excessive amounts of dopamine
Enlarged ventricles in the brain
Abnormal pattern of connections between
cortical cells
• Family relationships
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Childhood Disorders
• Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
(ADHD)
• Autistic disorder
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder
• A childhood disorder characterized by
inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity.
• More common in boys than girls.
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Autistic Disorder
• A childhood disorder characterized by lack of
social instincts and strange motor behavior.
• Echolalia:
– A speech pattern displayed by some autistic
children in which they repeat the words said to
them.
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Gender Differences
• Gender differences tend to be found for those
disorders without a strong biological
component.
• Marital status and incidence of psychological
disorders:
– divorced/separated men
– married women
– married men
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Higher Incidence of Specific
Disorders
• Men
– Substance abuse
– Antisocial personality disorder
• Women
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–
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Depression
Agoraphobia
Simple phobia
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Somatization disorder
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