Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM Chapter 7 START SWBAT: Analyze the necessary parts needed for the axial skeleton system to provide support for the whole body SW analyze how each part of the axial skeleton system provides support to the body. AXIAL SKELETON -SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, BONY THORAX APPENDICULAR SKELETON THE SKULL Two Types Cranial Facial CRANIUM CRANIAL BONES All individual bones are united by immovable junction lines called sutures Frontal- forms the forehead, roof of nasal cavity and orbits Parietal- form superior and lateral walls Temporal- lie inferior to parietal bones Occipital- Most posterior bone of the cranium and forms floor and back wall of skull CRANIUM Four sutures of the cranium Coronal suture: parietal bone meets the frontal bone, runs in the coronal plane Squamous suture: each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly Sagittal suture: right and left parietal bones meet superiorly Lambdoid suture: parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly Jugular formanen A foramen is a type of opening At junction of occipital and parietal bones TEMPORAL BONES Lower sides and base of cranium Encloses ear and connects with mandible Irregular shape 4 parts: external acoustic meatus,styloid process, zygomatic process, mastoid process (behind ear) A process is a projection from a structure FACIAL BONES Mandible Maxilla Palatine Bones Zygomatic bone Nasal bone Lacrimal bone Sphenoid Ethmoid bone FACIAL BONES Maxillaetwo maxilla fuse to form upper jaw All facial bones except mandible join to maxilla Palatine Bones Posterior to palatine processes and form the posterior part of the hard palate Mandible Lower jaw Joins temporal bones on each side of the face to form only movable joints in skull Nasal bone- joins in a suture to form the bridge Vomer Forms nasal septum INFERIOR ASPECT OF THE SKULL Maxilla (palatine process) Hard palate Palatine bone (horizontal plate) Zygomatic bone Vomer Temporal bone (zygomatic process) Mandibular fossa Styloid process Mastoid process Temporal bone (petrous part) Basilar part of the occipital bone Occipital bone External occipital crest External occipital (a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) protuberance Incisive fossa Intermaxillary suture Median palatine suture Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Pterygoid process Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Foramen lacerum Carotid canal External acoustic meatus Stylomastoid foramen Jugular foramen Occipital condyle Inferior nuchal line Superior nuchal line Foramen magnum Fig 7.7a FACIAL BONES Frontal bone Parietal bone Glabella Frontonasal suture Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Optic canal Lacrimal bone Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Infraorbital foramen Perpendicular plate Maxilla Vomer Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull ORBITS 2 deep cavities in the upper portion of the face that protect the eyes Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal, ethmoid ORBITS Frontal Bone Sphenoid- butterfly shaped bone, articulates with cranial bones and provides stability to skull openings for optic nerves and cranial nerves (canals, foramens, fissures are names for these openings) Ethmoid – anterior to sphenoid and forms roof of nasal cavity. Medial wall of socket Maxilla Zygomatic- AKA cheekbone (lateral wall of socket) Lacrimal- size of fingernail, has groove that serves as passageway for tears Lesser wing Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Frontal bone Parietal bone REVIEW Squamous part of frontal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen Mental protuberance (a) Anterior view of skull Glabella Frontonasal suture Supraorbital foramen (notch) Supraorbital margin Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Inferior nasal concha Vomer REVIEW TORSO/ TRUNK Sternum, ribs and vertebrae Vertebrae is rigid. Fibrocartilage disk allow for flexibility Spinal column forms a series of 26 bones 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacral (5 fused), coccyx (4 fused) VERTEBRAL COLUMN Extends from skull to pelvis Formed from 26 bones in the adult Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs Flexible curved structure Surrounds and protects the spinal cord Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and back C1 2 3 4 CURVATURES OF THE SPINE 5 6 7 T1 Curvatures increase resilience of the spine 2 Prevent shock to head when we walk or run Makes body trunk flexible 4 3 5 6 7 8 Primary curvatures present at birth 9 Thoracic and sacral curves: convex posteriorly 10 11 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7 Secondary curvatures: 12 Cervical curvature develops when baby begins to hold his/her head Lumbar curvature develops when baby begins to walk Fig 7.18 Anterior view L1 2 3 4 5 Spinous process Transverse processes Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1 – L5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Right lateral VERTEBRAE Cervical- Smallest and lightest Thoracic- connect with ribs Lumbar- largest and strongest, block-like bodies Sacrum- forms posterior wall of pelvis Cocyx can move slightly during delivery, tailbone INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS Cushion-like pads between vertebrae Made from cartilage Act as shock absorbers Compose about 25% of height of vertebral column GENERAL STRUCTURE OF VERTEBRAE Body Vertebral arch Vertebral foramen Spinous process Transverse process Superior and inferior articular processes Fig 7.20 VERTEBRAE Atlas- supports head Axis- pivot THE ATLAS (C1) Lacks a body and spinous process Supports the skull: superior articular facets receive the occipital condyles Allows flexion and extension of neck (nodding the head ‘yes’) C1 Posterior Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Lateral masses Transverse foramen Superior articular facet Anterior arch (a) Superior view of atlas Anterior tubercle THE AXIS Has a body and spinous process Dens (odontoid process) projects superiorly Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull Participates in rotating the head from side to side (“no”) Posterior C2 Inferior articular process Transverse process (c) Superior view of axis (C2) Dens Spinous process Lamina Pedicle Superior articular facet Body THE THORACIC CAGE Forms the framework of the chest Components include: Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly Ribs – laterally Sternum and costal cartilage – anteriorly Protects thoracic organs Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs Provides attachment sites for muscles STERNUM Manubrium, gladiolus (body), and xiphoid RIBS 12 pairs of ribs True ribs- upper 7 pairs False ribs- 8th-12th rib because.. All attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae Jugular notch Clavicular notch THE THORACIC CAGE Manubrium Sternal angle Body Xiphisternal joint Xiphoid process True ribs (1–7 Sternum False ribs (8–12) Intercostal spaces L1 Vertebra Floating ribs (11, 12) (a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view Costal cartilage Costal margin Figure 7.24a APPENDICULAR APPENDICULAR SKELETON Bones of the upper and lower limbs Pectoral girdle attaches upper limbs to axial skeleton Pelvic girdle attaches lower limbs to axial skeleton Functions: upper and lower limbs differ in function But share the same structural plan Lower limbs = locomotion Upper limbs = more-mobile nonlocomotor Cranium Clavicle Scapula Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Bones of pelvic girdle Bones of pectoral girdle Upper limb Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Tibia Fibula Lower limb SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB (64 BONES) The pectoral girdle The free part 1 humerus 1 ulna 1 radius 8 carpals 19 metacarpal and phalanges Copyright 2012, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. THE PECTORAL GIRDLE Clavicle and scapula: Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb Very light allows upper limbs to be mobile Joint: shallow socket of glenoid cavity good for flexibility but bad for stability Clavicle AcromioScapula clavicular joint Pectoral girdles do not completely encircle the body Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib Laterally, ends of the clavicles join the scapulae Scapulae do not join each other or axial skeleton Held in place by muscle (a) Articulated pectoral girdle CLAVICLES (‘LITTLE KEYS’) Aka collarbones – slender and S-shaped Extend horizontally across the superior thorax Flattened acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally Cone-shaped medially sternal end attaches to the manubrium CLAVICLES Provide attachment for muscles Brace: holds the scapulae and arms laterally from the thorax Fractured clavicle will cause the entire shoulder region to collapse Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton Allows you to push a heavy object Sternal (medial) end Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end (b) Right clavicle, superior view Acromial end Anterior Trapezoid line Posterior Tuberosity for costoclavicular ligament (c) Right clavicle, inferior view Conoid tubercle Fig 8.1b,c Sternal end STRUCTURES OF THE SCAPULA Acromion Suprascapular notch Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Lateral border Superior border Superior angle Subscapular fossa Medial border Fig 8.2 (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect Inferior angle SCAPULA – LATERAL ASPECT Acromion Supraspinous fossa Supraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Infraspinous Subscapular Spine fossa fossa Infraspinous fossa Posterior Anterior Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Fig 8.2c (c) Right scapula, lateral aspect Inferior angle THE UPPER LIMB 30 bones each upper limb – arm, forearm, and hand Arm: region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow Humerus Only bone of the arm Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow Provides sites for muscle attachment Provides articulation sites for other bones HUMERUS Rotator cuff muscles; Guides tendon of the biceps; Deltoid muscle; Radial nerve; Epicondyles muscle sites; ‘Pulley’ articulates with ulna; ‘Small head’ articulates with radius Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Head of humerus Head of humerus Greater tubercle Anatomical neck Intertubercular sulcus Anatomical neck Deltoid tuberosity Radial groove Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Lateral epicondyle Lateral supracondylar ridge Radial fossa Fig 8.3 Capitulum (a) Anterior view Coronoid fossa Medial supracondylar ridge Olecranon fossa Medial epicondyle Trochlea Medial epicondyle (b) Posterior view Trochlea STRUCTURES OF THE HUMERUS OF THE RIGHT ARM Articulates with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint Humerus Coronoid fossa Capitulum Medial epicondyle Head of radius Radial tuberosity Radius (c) Anterior view at the elbow region Trochlea Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch Ulna Humerus Olecranon fossa Olecranon process Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Head Neck Ulna (d) Posterior view of extended elbow Radius ANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM) Formed from the radius and the ulna Articulate with the humerus proximally Distal ends articulate with carpals (wrist) Articulate with each other at proximal and distal radioulnar joints Interosseous membrane connects radius and ulna The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial Palm faces posteriorly, ulna and radius form an X Distal end of the radius crosses over the ulna ULNA (‘ELBOW’) Main bone forming the elbow joint with the humerus Monkey wrench slightly longer then the radius Projections at proximal end - olecranon and coronoid processes Separated by the trochlear notch (a deep concavity) Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm Distal end separated from the carpals by fibrous cartilage Head of the ulna articulates with the radius Plays little or no role in hand movement BONES OF THE MANUS Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal Carpals Hamate Capitate Pisiform Triquetrum Lunate V IV III II Metacarpals Head Shaft Base Sesamoid bones I Carpals Trapezium Trapezoid Scaphoid I II III IV V Carpals Hamate Capitate Triquetrum Lunate Ulna Radius (a) Anterior view of right hand Ulna (b) Posterior view of right hand Fig 8.6 SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB (62 BONES) Two separate regions Pelvic girdle consists of the coxal (os coxae) bones united at the pubic symphysis Free lower limbs Cop yrig ht 2012 , John Wile y& Son PELVIC GIRDLE Paired coxal (hip) bones or os coxae (os = bone; coxa = hip) Attaches lower limbs to the spine Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other Articulate posteriorly with the sacrum Bony pelvis: deep, basinlike structure Formed by the coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx Coxal bones attached to axial skeleton by strong ligaments Full weight of the upper body passes through the girdle Acetabulum: deep cup that holds the head of the femur Lower limbs more stable than arm but with less freedom of movement PELVIS (PL. PELVES): CONNECTS TO THE SACRUM AND LOWER LIMBS (30 BONES) Transfers forces from the lower limbs to move the entire body during locomotion Base of sacrum Iliac crest Sacroiliac joint Iliac fossa Sacral promontory llium Coxal bone (os coxae) Anterior inferior iliac spine Sacrum Pubis Coccyx Ischium (a) Pelvic girdle Anterior superior iliac spine Pubic arch Pelvic brim Acetabulum Pubic tubercle Pubic crest Pubic symphysis Fig 8.8 FEMALE AND MALE PELVES THE LOWER LIMBS Carries the entire weight of the erect body Bones of lower limb are thicker and stronger than those of upper limb Divided into 3 segments: the thigh, leg, and foot STRUCTURES OF THE FEMUR Neck Fovea capitis Head Greater trochanter Intertrochanteric crest Lesser trochanter Intertrochanteric line Gluteal tuberosity Linea aspera Medial and lateral supracondylar lines Intercondylar fossa Lateral condyle Lateral epicondyle Medial condyle Lateral epicondyle (b) Femur (thigh bone) Patellar surface Adductor tubercle Medial epicondyle Anterior view Posterior view Figure 8.10b PATELLA: LARGEST SESAMOID BONE IN THE BODY Forms the patellofemoral joint Increases leverage of the tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patellofemoral stress syndrome – runner’s knee Normal knee flexion and extension, patella glides superiorly and inferiorly between the femoral condyles Runner’s knee: patella tracks laterally as well increasing pressure on the joint STRUCTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA Figure 8.11a, b SKELETON OF THE FOOT Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal 1 Medial cuneiform 2 3 4 Metatarsals 5 Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus (a) Superior view Fig 8.12 SKELETON OF THE FOOT Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Navicular Talus Facet for medial malleolus Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal Calcaneus Medial cuneiform (b) Medial view Calcaneal tuberosity BONES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES Shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, wrist, hand and fingers Girdle- clavicle and scapula Clavicle- sternum. Lateral end to acromial process Scapula- dorsal of throax. 2nd to 7th rib Process vs. fossa? Coracoid process Glenoid fossa ARM Humerus- Largest and longest of upper arm Ulna- longer of forearm Anatomic neck Olecranon process Radius- shorter. Styloid process WRIST Carpals Metacarpals Phalanx 3 phalangesproximal, middle, terminal/distal LOWER EXTREMITIES Pelvic girdle, hip bones, thigh, kneecap, shin, calf, ankle and foot Pelvic girdle- 2 hip bones. 3 fused parts Ilium, ischium, and pubis Ilium- largest of hipbone. Child bearing Iliac fossa CONNECTIONS OF HIP Obturator foramen Allows for passage of nerves, blood vessels and tendons Acetabulum- femur LEG Femur- largest and heaviest Patella- kneecap. Largest of sesamoid Tibia- larger (thick)shin Fibula- most slender. Not articulate with femur FOOT Ankle- tarsal bones Calcaneus- heel bone. Largest of tarsal bones FOOT Metatarsals- long bone Phalanges- proximal, middle, distal Connects with cuneiforms and cuboid HOMEWORK Pg. 173 1, 4-10, 12-15, 17, 21 D A C B E F I H G J Leukemia Bursitis/ Tendonitis Osteoporosis/ osteomyelitis Spina bifida Kyphosis/scoliosis Sprain/fracture Poliomyelitis/ rickets Paget’s disease/ scurvy Giantism/dwarfism