Download Ch.5 Axial and Appendicular

THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Chapter 7
START
SWBAT: Analyze the necessary parts needed for
the axial skeleton system to provide support for
the whole body
 SW analyze how each part of the axial skeleton
system provides support to the body.

AXIAL SKELETON
-SKULL, VERTEBRAL COLUMN, BONY
THORAX
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
THE SKULL

Two Types
Cranial
 Facial

CRANIUM
CRANIAL BONES
All individual bones are united by immovable
junction lines called sutures
 Frontal- forms the forehead, roof of nasal cavity
and orbits
 Parietal- form superior and lateral walls
 Temporal- lie inferior to parietal bones
 Occipital- Most posterior bone of the cranium and
forms floor and back wall of skull

CRANIUM


Four sutures of the cranium

Coronal suture: parietal bone meets the frontal bone, runs in the
coronal plane

Squamous suture: each parietal bone meets a temporal bone inferiorly

Sagittal suture: right and left parietal bones meet superiorly

Lambdoid suture: parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
Jugular formanen
A foramen is a type of opening
 At junction of occipital and parietal bones

TEMPORAL BONES
Lower sides and base of cranium
 Encloses ear and connects with mandible
 Irregular shape
 4 parts: external acoustic meatus,styloid process,
zygomatic process, mastoid process (behind ear)


A process is a projection from a structure
FACIAL BONES
Mandible
 Maxilla
 Palatine Bones
 Zygomatic bone
 Nasal bone
 Lacrimal bone
 Sphenoid
 Ethmoid bone

FACIAL BONES

Maxillaetwo maxilla fuse to form upper jaw
 All facial bones except mandible join to maxilla


Palatine Bones


Posterior to palatine processes and form the posterior
part of the hard palate
Mandible
Lower jaw
 Joins temporal bones on each side of the face to form
only movable joints in skull

Nasal bone- joins in a suture to form the bridge
 Vomer


Forms nasal septum
INFERIOR ASPECT OF THE SKULL
Maxilla
(palatine process)
Hard
palate Palatine bone
(horizontal plate)
Zygomatic bone
Vomer
Temporal bone
(zygomatic process)
Mandibular fossa
Styloid process
Mastoid process
Temporal bone
(petrous part)
Basilar part of
the occipital bone
Occipital bone
External occipital crest
External occipital
(a) Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed)
protuberance
Incisive fossa
Intermaxillary suture
Median palatine suture
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Pterygoid process
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Foramen lacerum
Carotid canal
External acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid
foramen
Jugular foramen
Occipital condyle
Inferior nuchal line
Superior nuchal line
Foramen magnum
Fig 7.7a
FACIAL BONES
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital fissure
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Optic canal
Lacrimal bone
Inferior orbital fissure
Zygomatic bone
Middle nasal concha
Ethmoid
bone
Inferior nasal concha
Infraorbital foramen
Perpendicular plate
Maxilla
Vomer
Mandible
Mental
foramen
Mental
protuberance
(a) Anterior view of skull
ORBITS
2 deep cavities in the upper portion of the face
that protect the eyes
 Frontal, sphenoid, maxilla, zygomatic, lacrimal,
ethmoid

ORBITS
Frontal Bone
 Sphenoid- butterfly shaped bone, articulates with
cranial bones and provides stability to skull


openings for optic nerves and cranial nerves (canals,
foramens, fissures are names for these openings)
Ethmoid – anterior to sphenoid and forms roof of
nasal cavity. Medial wall of socket
 Maxilla
 Zygomatic- AKA cheekbone (lateral wall of
socket)
 Lacrimal- size of fingernail, has groove that
serves as passageway for tears

Lesser wing
Foramen rotundum
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
Frontal bone
Parietal bone
REVIEW
Squamous part
of frontal bone
Nasal bone
Sphenoid bone
(greater wing)
Temporal bone
Ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
Zygomatic bone
Infraorbital foramen
Maxilla
Mandible
Mental
foramen
Mental
protuberance
(a) Anterior view of skull
Glabella
Frontonasal suture
Supraorbital foramen
(notch)
Supraorbital margin
Superior orbital fissure
Optic canal
Inferior orbital fissure
Middle nasal concha
Ethmoid
Perpendicular plate bone
Inferior nasal concha
Vomer
REVIEW
TORSO/ TRUNK
Sternum, ribs and
vertebrae
 Vertebrae is rigid.
Fibrocartilage disk
allow for flexibility
 Spinal column forms a
series of 26 bones
 7 cervical, 12 thoracic,
5 lumbar, sacral (5
fused), coccyx (4
fused)

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Extends from skull to pelvis
 Formed from 26 bones in the adult
 Transmits weight of trunk to the lower limbs
 Flexible curved structure
 Surrounds and protects the spinal cord
 Serves as attachment sites for muscles of the neck and
back

C1
2
3
4
CURVATURES OF THE SPINE
5
6
7
T1

Curvatures increase resilience of the spine
2
Prevent shock to head when we walk or run
 Makes body trunk flexible
4

3
5
6
7

8
Primary curvatures present at birth

9
Thoracic and sacral curves: convex posteriorly
10
11

Cervical curvature
(concave)
7 vertebrae, C1 – C7
Secondary curvatures:
12
Cervical curvature develops when baby begins to
hold his/her head
 Lumbar curvature develops when baby begins to
walk

Fig 7.18
Anterior view
L1
2
3
4
5
Spinous
process
Transverse
processes
Thoracic
curvature
(convex)
12 vertebrae,
T1 – T12
Intervertebral
discs
Intervertebral
foramen
Lumbar
curvature
(concave)
5 vertebrae, L1 – L5
Sacral
curvature
(convex) 5 fused
vertebrae sacrum
Coccyx
4 fused vertebrae
Right lateral
VERTEBRAE
Cervical- Smallest
and lightest
 Thoracic- connect with
ribs
 Lumbar- largest and
strongest, block-like
bodies
 Sacrum- forms
posterior wall of pelvis
 Cocyx can move
slightly during
delivery, tailbone

INTERVERTEBRAL DISCS
Cushion-like pads between vertebrae
 Made from cartilage
 Act as shock absorbers
 Compose about 25% of height of vertebral column

GENERAL STRUCTURE OF VERTEBRAE

Body

Vertebral arch

Vertebral foramen

Spinous process

Transverse process

Superior and inferior articular
processes
Fig 7.20
VERTEBRAE
Atlas- supports head
 Axis- pivot

THE ATLAS (C1)

Lacks a body and spinous process

Supports the skull: superior articular facets receive the occipital
condyles

Allows flexion and extension of neck (nodding the head ‘yes’)
C1
Posterior
Posterior tubercle
Posterior arch
Lateral
masses
Transverse
foramen
Superior articular
facet
Anterior arch
(a) Superior view of atlas
Anterior tubercle
THE AXIS

Has a body and spinous process

Dens (odontoid process) projects superiorly

Formed from fusion of the body of the atlas with the axis

Acts as a pivot for rotation of the atlas and skull

Participates in rotating the head from side to side (“no”)
Posterior
C2
Inferior
articular
process
Transverse
process
(c) Superior view of axis (C2)
Dens
Spinous process
Lamina
Pedicle
Superior
articular
facet
Body
THE THORACIC CAGE

Forms the framework of the chest

Components include:
Thoracic vertebrae – posteriorly
 Ribs – laterally
 Sternum and costal cartilage – anteriorly


Protects thoracic organs

Supports shoulder girdle and upper
limbs

Provides attachment sites for
muscles
STERNUM
Manubrium,
 gladiolus (body),
 and xiphoid

RIBS
12 pairs of ribs
 True ribs- upper 7 pairs
 False ribs- 8th-12th rib because..
 All attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

Jugular notch
Clavicular notch
THE THORACIC CAGE
Manubrium
Sternal angle
Body
Xiphisternal
joint
Xiphoid
process
True
ribs
(1–7
Sternum
False
ribs
(8–12)
Intercostal
spaces
L1
Vertebra
Floating ribs (11, 12)
(a) Skeleton of the thoracic cage, anterior view
Costal cartilage
Costal margin
Figure 7.24a
APPENDICULAR
APPENDICULAR SKELETON


Bones of the upper and lower limbs

Pectoral girdle attaches upper limbs to
axial skeleton

Pelvic girdle attaches lower limbs to axial
skeleton
Functions: upper and lower limbs
differ in function

But share the same structural plan

Lower limbs = locomotion

Upper limbs = more-mobile nonlocomotor
Cranium
Clavicle
Scapula
Rib
Humerus
Vertebra
Radius
Ulna
Bones of
pelvic girdle
Bones of
pectoral
girdle
Upper
limb
Carpals
Phalanges
Metacarpals
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Lower
limb
SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB (64 BONES)

The pectoral girdle

The free part

1 humerus

1 ulna

1 radius

8 carpals

19 metacarpal and phalanges
Copyright 2012, John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
THE PECTORAL GIRDLE


Clavicle and scapula:

Provides attachment for many muscles that move the
upper limb

Very light allows upper limbs to be mobile

Joint: shallow socket of glenoid cavity good for
flexibility but bad for stability
Clavicle
AcromioScapula
clavicular
joint
Pectoral girdles do not completely encircle
the body

Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the
manubrium and first rib

Laterally, ends of the clavicles join the scapulae

Scapulae do not join each other or axial skeleton

Held in place by muscle
(a) Articulated pectoral girdle
CLAVICLES (‘LITTLE KEYS’)
 Aka
collarbones – slender and S-shaped
 Extend
horizontally across the superior thorax
 Flattened
acromial end articulates with the scapula
laterally
 Cone-shaped
medially
sternal end attaches to the manubrium
CLAVICLES

Provide attachment for muscles

Brace: holds the scapulae and arms
laterally from the thorax


Fractured clavicle will cause the entire
shoulder region to collapse
Transmit compression forces from the
upper limbs to the axial skeleton

Allows you to push a heavy object
Sternal (medial)
end
Posterior
Anterior
Acromial (lateral)
end
(b) Right clavicle, superior view
Acromial end
Anterior
Trapezoid line
Posterior
Tuberosity for
costoclavicular
ligament
(c) Right clavicle, inferior view
Conoid tubercle
Fig 8.1b,c
Sternal end
STRUCTURES OF THE SCAPULA
Acromion
Suprascapular notch
Coracoid
process
Glenoid
cavity
Lateral border
Superior border
Superior
angle
Subscapular
fossa
Medial border
Fig 8.2 (a) Right scapula, anterior aspect
Inferior angle
SCAPULA – LATERAL ASPECT
Acromion
Supraspinous fossa
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Supraspinous
fossa
Coracoid
process
Infraspinous Subscapular Spine
fossa
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
Posterior
Anterior
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Subscapular
fossa
Fig 8.2c
(c) Right scapula, lateral aspect
Inferior angle
THE UPPER LIMB

30 bones each upper limb – arm, forearm,
and hand

Arm: region of the upper limb between the
shoulder and elbow
 Humerus

Only bone of the arm

Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb

Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder

Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

Provides sites for muscle attachment

Provides articulation sites for other bones
HUMERUS

Rotator cuff muscles; Guides tendon of the biceps; Deltoid muscle; Radial
nerve; Epicondyles muscle sites; ‘Pulley’ articulates with ulna; ‘Small head’
articulates with radius
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Head of humerus
Head of humerus
Greater tubercle
Anatomical neck
Intertubercular
sulcus
Anatomical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Radial groove
Surgical neck
Deltoid tuberosity
Lateral epicondyle
Lateral supracondylar
ridge
Radial fossa
Fig 8.3
Capitulum
(a) Anterior view
Coronoid fossa
Medial supracondylar
ridge
Olecranon fossa
Medial epicondyle
Trochlea
Medial epicondyle
(b) Posterior view
Trochlea
STRUCTURES OF THE HUMERUS OF THE RIGHT ARM

Articulates with the radius and ulna to form the elbow joint
Humerus
Coronoid
fossa
Capitulum
Medial
epicondyle
Head of
radius
Radial
tuberosity
Radius
(c) Anterior view at the elbow region
Trochlea
Coronoid
process of
ulna
Radial notch
Ulna
Humerus
Olecranon
fossa
Olecranon
process
Medial
epicondyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Head
Neck
Ulna
(d) Posterior view of extended elbow
Radius
ANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM)


Formed from the radius and the ulna

Articulate with the humerus proximally

Distal ends articulate with carpals (wrist)

Articulate with each other at proximal and
distal radioulnar joints

Interosseous membrane connects radius
and ulna
The radius is lateral and the ulna is
medial

Palm faces posteriorly, ulna and radius
form an X

Distal end of the radius crosses over the ulna
ULNA (‘ELBOW’)

Main bone forming the elbow joint with the
humerus
Monkey wrench slightly longer then the radius
 Projections at proximal end - olecranon and coronoid
processes
 Separated by the trochlear notch (a deep concavity)


Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm

Distal end separated from the carpals by fibrous
cartilage


Head of the ulna articulates with the radius
Plays little or no role in hand movement
BONES OF THE MANUS
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
Carpals
Hamate
Capitate
Pisiform
Triquetrum
Lunate
V
IV III II
Metacarpals
Head
Shaft
Base
Sesamoid
bones
I
Carpals
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Scaphoid
I
II
III
IV V
Carpals
Hamate
Capitate
Triquetrum
Lunate
Ulna
Radius
(a) Anterior view of right hand
Ulna
(b) Posterior view of right hand
Fig 8.6
SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB (62 BONES)

Two separate regions

Pelvic girdle consists of the coxal (os coxae)
bones united at the pubic symphysis

Free lower limbs
Cop
yrig
ht
2012
,
John
Wile
y&
Son
PELVIC GIRDLE


Paired coxal (hip) bones or os coxae (os = bone;
coxa = hip)

Attaches lower limbs to the spine

Hip bones unite anteriorly with each other

Articulate posteriorly with the sacrum
Bony pelvis: deep, basinlike structure


Formed by the coxal bones, sacrum, and coccyx
Coxal bones attached to axial skeleton by strong
ligaments

Full weight of the upper body passes through the girdle

Acetabulum: deep cup that holds the head of the femur

Lower limbs more stable than arm but with less freedom of
movement
PELVIS (PL. PELVES): CONNECTS TO THE SACRUM AND
LOWER LIMBS (30 BONES)

Transfers forces from the lower limbs to move the entire body
during locomotion
Base of sacrum
Iliac crest
Sacroiliac joint
Iliac fossa
Sacral promontory
llium
Coxal bone
(os coxae)
Anterior inferior
iliac spine
Sacrum
Pubis
Coccyx
Ischium
(a) Pelvic girdle
Anterior superior
iliac spine
Pubic arch
Pelvic brim
Acetabulum
Pubic tubercle
Pubic crest
Pubic
symphysis
Fig 8.8
FEMALE AND MALE PELVES
THE LOWER LIMBS

Carries the entire weight of the erect
body

Bones of lower limb are thicker and
stronger than those of upper limb

Divided into 3 segments: the thigh, leg,
and foot
STRUCTURES OF THE FEMUR
Neck
Fovea
capitis
Head
Greater
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric
line
Gluteal tuberosity
Linea aspera
Medial and
lateral supracondylar lines
Intercondylar fossa
Lateral
condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial condyle
Lateral
epicondyle
(b) Femur (thigh bone)
Patellar
surface
Adductor tubercle
Medial
epicondyle
Anterior view
Posterior view
Figure 8.10b
PATELLA: LARGEST SESAMOID BONE IN THE BODY

Forms the patellofemoral joint


Increases leverage of the tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle
Patellofemoral stress syndrome – runner’s knee

Normal knee flexion and extension, patella glides superiorly and
inferiorly between the femoral condyles

Runner’s knee: patella tracks laterally as well increasing pressure on
the joint
STRUCTURES OF THE TIBIA AND FIBULA
Figure 8.11a, b
SKELETON OF THE FOOT
Phalanges
Distal
Middle
Proximal
1
Medial
cuneiform
2
3 4
Metatarsals
5
Intermediate
cuneiform
Lateral
cuneiform
Navicular
Cuboid
Tarsals
Talus
Trochlea
of talus
Calcaneus
(a) Superior view
Fig 8.12
SKELETON OF THE FOOT
Sustentaculum
tali (talar shelf)
Navicular
Talus
Facet for
medial
malleolus
Intermediate
cuneiform
First metatarsal
Calcaneus
Medial
cuneiform
(b) Medial view
Calcaneal
tuberosity
BONES OF UPPER EXTREMITIES
Shoulder girdle, arm, forearm, wrist, hand and
fingers
 Girdle- clavicle and scapula
 Clavicle- sternum. Lateral end to acromial
process
 Scapula- dorsal of throax. 2nd to 7th rib
 Process vs. fossa?
 Coracoid process
 Glenoid fossa

ARM

Humerus- Largest and longest of upper arm


Ulna- longer of forearm


Anatomic neck
Olecranon process
Radius- shorter.

Styloid process
WRIST
Carpals
 Metacarpals
 Phalanx
 3 phalangesproximal, middle,
terminal/distal

LOWER EXTREMITIES
Pelvic girdle, hip bones, thigh, kneecap, shin,
calf, ankle and foot
 Pelvic girdle- 2 hip bones. 3 fused parts


Ilium, ischium, and pubis
Ilium- largest of hipbone. Child bearing
 Iliac fossa

CONNECTIONS OF HIP
Obturator foramen
 Allows for passage of nerves, blood vessels and
tendons
 Acetabulum- femur

LEG
Femur- largest and
heaviest
 Patella- kneecap.
Largest of sesamoid
 Tibia- larger (thick)shin
 Fibula- most slender.
Not articulate with
femur

FOOT
Ankle- tarsal bones
 Calcaneus- heel bone. Largest of tarsal bones

FOOT
Metatarsals- long
bone
 Phalanges- proximal,
middle, distal
 Connects with
cuneiforms and cuboid

HOMEWORK

Pg. 173

1, 4-10, 12-15, 17, 21
D
A
C
B
E
F
I
H
G
J
Leukemia
 Bursitis/ Tendonitis
 Osteoporosis/ osteomyelitis
 Spina bifida
 Kyphosis/scoliosis
 Sprain/fracture
 Poliomyelitis/ rickets
 Paget’s disease/ scurvy
 Giantism/dwarfism
