Download Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to Anatomy and
Physiology
Unit 1
So what will we study?
1. anatomy – structure of the body
2. physiology – process of functions of living
things
Characteristics of Life
1. organization
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Parts of an organism have specific relationships to each
other.
Parts interact to perform specific functions.
Cell is basic structural and functional unit of an
organism.
levels of structural organization
atoms
organs
molecules
organ systems
cells
tissues
organisms
Characteristics of Life
2. metabolism
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ability to use energy to carry out growth, movement,
and reproduction
3. responsiveness
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ability to sense changes in the internal and external
environment and make the adjustments that help
maintain life
4. growth
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increase in size of all or part of the organism
Characteristics of Life
5. development
▫ changes an organism undergoes over time
 starts at fertilization and goes to death
 growth and differentiation(general to specific)
6. reproduction
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formation of new cells or organisms
allows for growth and tissue repair
7. respiration
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obtaining and using oxygen
removal of toxic waste
Characteristics of Life
8. absorption
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passage of digestive products through membranes
9. circulation
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movement of substances from place to place
10. assimilation
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supplies cells with nutrients
changes them to substances the body needs
11. excretion
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removal of wastes produced by body parts
Maintenance of Life
quantities and qualities
1. water
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Metabolic processes are carried out in water.
2. food
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energy source
source of vitamins, minerals that regulate vital
chemical reactions
3. oxygen
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releases energy from food substances
Maintenance of Life
4. heat
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released from chemical reactions
5. pressure
▫ pressing or compressing action
Homeostasis
• existence and maintenance of constant environment
within the body
▫ variables: temperature, volume, chemical content of cellular
fluid
 MUST be within normal value (set point); normal range
• Homeostasis is a dynamic condition in response to changing
conditions.
▫ Organ systems help control the internal environment, i.e.
removing wastes, getting nutrients.
How?
Negative feedback systems
• Any deviation from the set
point is made smaller or
resisted.
• does NOT prevent variation
• maintains variation within
normal
1. receptor – monitors value of
variable
2. control center – establishes
set point around which
variable is maintained
3. effector – can change value
of variable
Predict #1
Donating a pint of blood reduces blood volume which results in a
decrease of blood pressure (just as air pressure in a tire
decreases when air is let out of the tire). What effect does
donating blood have on heart rate? What would happen if a
negative-feedback mechanism did not return the value of the
some parameter such as blood pressure to its normal range?
Positive feedback system
• If deviation outside
normal occurs, this
feedback makes
deviation greater.
• not homeostatic
• rare in healthy people
Dehydration
Mild to moderate causes:
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excessive thirst
sleepiness or tiredness
dry mouth
decreased urine output (8 hours or more w/out
urination)
few or no tears
muscle weakness
headache
dizziness or lightheadedness
Severe can cause:
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extreme thirst
extreme fussiness or sleepiness in children
irritability and confusion in adults
very dry mouth, skin and mucous membranes
lack of sweating
little or no urination (urine will be dark yellow
or amber)
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sunken eyes
shriveled and dry skin that lacks elasticity
sunken fontanels in infants
low blood pressure
rapid heart beat
fever
delirium or unconsciousness in the most severe
cases
The Body Plan
anatomical position:
standing straight, facing
forward, arms at sides
with palms forward
supine: lying face upward
prone: lying face
downward
Body Orientation and Directional Terms
• Superior (cranial): toward the
head, upper
• Inferior (caudal): away from
head, below
Example:
The forehead is superior
to the nose.
Body Orientation and Directional Terms
• Anterior (ventral): toward the
front, in front of
• Posterior (dorsal): toward the
back, behind
Example: The heart is
posterior to the sternum.
Body Orientation and Directional Terms
• Medial: toward the midline of
the body, on the inner side
• Lateral: away from the
midline of the body, on the
outer side
• Intermediate: between a
more medial and a more
lateral structure.
Example: The eye is lateral to
the bridge of the nose.
NOTE: USED FOR APPENDAGES ONLY!!!
• Proximal: closer to the point
of limb attachment
• Distal: farther from the point
of limb attachment
Example: The elbow is
proximal to the wrist.
A few more terms
right
left
ventral - belly
dorsal – back
superficial – close to surface of body
deep – toward interior of body
arm = shoulder to elbow
forearm = elbow to wrist
thigh = hip to knee
leg = knee to ankle
trunk
▫ thorax
▫ abdomen
▫ pelvis
Regional Terms
axial: making up the main
axis of the body (head,
neck, trunk)
appendicular: consisting
of appendages or limbs
REGIONAL TERMS
NASAL
ORAL
FRONTAL
CERVICAL
BUCCAL
ORBITAL
ACROMIAL
ABDOMINAL
BRACHIAL
STERNAL
PECTORAL
MAMMARY
ANTECUBITAL
ANTEBRACHIAL
PELVIC
CARPAL
UMBILICAL
(NAVAL)
THORACIC
AXILLARY
MENTAL
POLLEX
COXAL
PALMAR
INGUINAL (GROIN)
DIGITAL
PUBIC
PATELLAR
CRURAL
TARSAL
PES
DIGITAL
FEMORAL
PERONEAL (side
of leg)
HALLUX
OTIC (EAR)
CEPHALIC
(CRANIAL)
OCCIPITAL
DELTOID
VERTEBRAL
SCAPULAR
BRACHIAL
DORSUM
OLECRANAL
LUMBAR
DORSUM
OF HAND
SACRAL
GLUTEAL
PERINEAL
FEMORAL
POPLITEAL
SURAL (CALF)
CALCANEAL (HEEL)
PLANTAR (SOLE)
Quadrants and Regions of abdomen
Planes of the Body
sagittal – vertical L/R
median (midsagittal) – sagittal
through midline
transverse or horizontal – parallel
to ground
frontal or coronal – vertical
front/back
Sagittal plane
Coronal section of the brain
Transverse Plane of the Body
Planes of Organs
longitudinal section: cut
through long axis of
organ
transverse or cross
section: cut at right
angle to longitudinal
oblique: cut across
longitudinal
Body Cavities and Membranes
Body Cavity: major, closed compartment
containing internal organs.
Cranial
Cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity:
cavity encasing the
brain and spinal cord.
Dorsal
Body
Cavity
Vertebral
Cavity
• Ventral Body Cavity: houses a
group of organs called the
viscera.
• Thoracic Cavity: cavity
surrounded by the ribs and
chest muscles.
Mediastinum
Pleural
Pericardial
• Pleural Cavities: each houses
a lung
• Mediastinum: contains the
pericardial cavity housing the
heart, esophagus, trachea...
Ventral
Body Cavity
• Abdominopelvic Cavity: cavity
surrounded by abdominal
muscles and pelvic girdle.
▫ Abdominal Cavity: contains
stomach, liver, spleen,
intestines, etc...
▫ Pelvic Cavity: bladder, some
reproductive organs,
rectum...
Diaphragm
Abdominal cavity
• Diaphragm: large, domeshaped muscle separating the
thoracic and abdominopelvic
cavities.
Pelvic Cavity
Ventral
Body Cavity
Serous Membrane (serosa): thin, doublelayered membrane lining body cavities and
surrounding internal organs.
Parietal Serosa: the part of the
membrane lining cavity walls
Visceral Serosa: the part of the
membrane covering the organs
Serous Fluid: lubricating fluid between
the parietal and visceral serosa
Other Body Cavities
– most open to body’s exterior
Oral and Digestive Cavities: contains mouth,
teeth, tongue, interior of digestive organs,
anus
Nasal Cavity: part of the passages of the
respiratory system
Orbital Cavity: houses the eyes
Middle Ear Cavities: contains bones that
transmit sound to the inner ear.
Predict #2
Is the sensation of thirst associated with a negative or
positive feedback mechanism? Explain.
Hint: What is being regulated when one becomes thirsty?
Organs of the Trunk
Diaphragm
Liver
Gallbladder
Ascending Colon
Stomach
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Small Intestine
Cecum
Appendix
Sigmoid Colon
Urinary Bladder