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An Orientation Email: [email protected] AIM: RiceCatherine Seminar: Wednesdays 10:00 a.m. ET Syllabus In Course & Doc Sharing SHS on Facebook Need help with Kaplan? Course Level Assessment (CLA) Announcements Important Information and Updates Clarifications Reminders Weekly Overviews and Summaries Course Calendar Communications from other Departments at Kaplan University ALWAYS READ THESE CAREFULLY AND COMPLETELY!! Gradebook Email Live Doc Sharing Accessing and Using the Writing Center Syllabus Dropbox Webliography The Human Body: An Orientation What A branch of knowledge, esp. one that systematizes facts, principles and methods The is science? science of the human body: learn about the facts of structure systematically apply these facts to principles of function The study of the structure of the parts of the body: ANATOMY The study of the function of the parts: PHYSIOLOGY Disruption of physiology can lead to disease Study of diseases of body: PATHOLOGY There is an order to the body arrangement It is the way the body is organized This is called the hierarchy of the body The smallest level is the chemical level: Atom cell tissue organ organ system organism Slide 10 Skeletal System Muscular System Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Reproductive System Pages 7-10 These are landmarks for giving directions Universal terms that everyone uses From a neurologist to a chiropractor to an MA. This was we can all communicate. Same thing, we need to communicate with each other. This a way we give directions to each other. Is a universal way to communicate locations on the body to other health care workers. Everyone in the medical community uses this language-universal language A reference posture for standardizing terminology: Anatomical Position page 4 Important for: description of position of structures, regardless of position of body Universally accepted Any references made to structures from now on assume Anatomical Position It is the the patient’s right and left ASSUME ALL DIRECTIONS START HERE Slide 16 Always come pairs Like the compass, the directional terms are used to describe RELATIVE position Need to establish a starting point, or Indicator Structure In a sentence usually follows the word “to” The head is in what position to the shoulders? “above” “on top of” Shoulders are your starting point indicator structure So the position of the head is relative to the shoulders **Remember Anatomical Position** Anterior Towards the front of the body Ventral “venter” = Latin for belly Anterior and Ventral mean towards the belly or front of the body Posterior Towards the back of the body Dorsal “dorsum” = Latin for back Posterior and Dorsal mean towards the back of the body 1) The spine is heart find the indicator structure (starting point) to the Heart (follows “to”, starting point) the position of the spine relative to the heart is towards the back of the body The spine is Posterior or Dorsal to the heart Superior “above” along the vertical axis of the body in anatomical position like someone who is “superior” Cephalad or Cranial towards the head Inferior “below” along the vertical axis of the body in anatomical position like someone who feels less than or “inferior” Caudal towards the tail Don’t forget your indicator structures!! 1) The nose is 2) The abdomen is 3) The belly button is 4) The knee is 5) The shoulder blade is to the mouth to the chest to the spine to the foot to the breast Top/Bottom Front/Back Now….. Middle/Sides Remember - we are 3-D and so structures are not always top/bottom, front/back Instead, they are along the same plane, and to the side Nose to ear not really above, not really towards the front…….. Medial towards the midline of the body Lateral to the side, away from midline The ear nose is to the There are special terms used especially for the limbs Proximal toward or closest the point of attachment or trunk “close proximity” Distal away from the point of attachment or trunk “distance” The elbow is wrist The fingernail is the knuckle The hip is The fingers are to the to to the knee to the shoulder The next terms are used to describe the position of structures relative to the body surface Superficial towards the surface of the body more external Deep away from the surface of the body more internal The skin is skeletal muscles The ribs lungs are to the to the 3 common planes frequently used to describe dissections or to look inside an organ or the body as a whole Frontal Plane “coronal plane” vertical plane used to separate body into anterior/posterior parts ~Frontal or Coronal Plane ~Anterior/Posterior Parts Transverse Plane “Cross-Sectional” or “Axial” horizontal plane runs parallel to ground diving body into cranial/caudal parts Sagittal Plane “lateral” plane separates body into left and right halves Midsagittal separates body into equal left and right halves “Cavity” - any hollow place or space in the human body Major cavities are used to divide body into regions and describe the organs found within Viscera fancy term used to describe the organs within a cavity Visualize the body in anatomical position Locate the dorsal/ventral regions Dorsal Cavity towards the back subdivided into 2 cavities Cranial cavity - houses the cranium and brain Spinal cavity - houses the spinal cord and vertebral column Ventral Cavity towards the front of the body Subdivided into 2 cavities Thoracic Cavity superior ventral cavity everything from the diaphragm to the neck has right and left side which houses the lungs contains an area with tissues and organs between the lungs called the mediastinum Inferior ventral cavity: Abdominopelvic Cavity everything from the diaphragm to the groin area Subdivides into: Abdominal cavity superior abdominopelvic cavity contains digestive organs (except sigmoid colon) Pelvic cavity inferior abdominopelvic cavity contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum The abdominal cavity is quite large and houses many organs Anterior surface subdivided to make referencing easier for: discussion dissection relating a specific area of pain or organ location Four roughly equal sections Named according to relative position **Remember Anatomical Right & Left** Right Upper Quadrant RUQ Right Lower Quadrant RLQ Left Upper Quadrant LUQ Left Lower Quadrant LLQ The abdominal quadrants are further divided into 9 abdominal regions Right Hypochondriac Region Right Lumbar Region Epigastric Region Left Hypochondriac Region Umbilical Left Lumbar Region Region Right Iliac (Inguinal) Region Hypogastric (pubic) Region Region Left Iliac (Inguinal) All the systems work together to promote balance H o m e o s t a t s i s The ability for the body to maintain an internal environment for proper function The body functions best at homeostasis When the body moves away from homeostasis, you move toward disease Loss of homeostasis at any level of the hierarchy can affect the rest of the body Ultimate loss of homeostasis = Death To maintain balance the body uses ‘feedback loops’ There is a negative feedback loop and a positive feedback loop The most common is _________________ Think about the thermostat in your room…. The temp falls, and the thermostat tells the furnace to kick on and “bring the body back to homeostasis” A positive feedback loop is the opposite In a positive feedback loop the body is already in homeostasis and the positive feedback loop kicks in and “moves the body away from homeostasis” Everybody gets a membrane Movement Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction growth Nutrients Oxygen Water Maintain temp Maintain pressure Need to be present and in suficient amounts Remember to: Complete the readings Complete the discussion/participation requirements Complete the online materials STUDY STUDY STUDY Complete the quiz Complete the exams (there are two this week) ASK QUESTIONS when necessary!!