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Unit One Study Guide Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology OBJECTIVES After completing this unit, you should be able to: Explain basic concepts in biochemistry, including atomic structure, elements, chemical bonds, pH, enzymes, and macromolecules Identify the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell and explain their function Use the scientific method of investigation to conduct systematic inquiry Distinguish between anatomy and physiology Describe the location of the major body cavities List the organs located in each of the body cavities Name the major systems of the body List the organs associated with each body system Describe the general functions of each body system Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and regions Demonstrate the directional and regional terms Name and describe the structural levels of living things State the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and root words of this unit Relate homeostasis to negative and positive feedback mechanisms STUDY QUESTIONS 1. Identify the steps of scientific inquiry, and apply to investigations. How does it correlate to making a diagnosis in healthcare? 2. Compare and contrast the study of anatomy and physiology. What are the main branches of anatomy we can study? 3. What is meant by complementarity of structure and function? Give an example. 4. What are the levels of organization of living beings? Which levels will we concentrate on more in this course? 5. What are the different organ systems seen in human beings? List some of the major organs associated with each, and their principal function. 6. Identify and explain the major characteristics of life. 7. What is meant by homeostasis, and why is it important to health? Give some examples. 8. How is homeostasis regulated in the human body? Give an example. 9. Explain the role of feedback mechanisms in health and disease. Give an example. 10. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body position and direction – anterior, posterior, inferior, superior, medial, lateral, distal, proximal, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, dorsal, ventral, cranial, caudal, supine, prone 11. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body planes/sections – sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal), oblique. 12. Distinguish planes in bipeds and quadrupeds. 13. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body cavities and regions – axial, appendicular, cranial, facial, oral, mental, axillary, brachial, carpal, pollex, palmar, digital, inguinal, frontal, orbital, nasal, otic, buccal, cervical, sternal, abdominal, pelvic, pubic, trunk, manus, crural, genital, tarsal, pedal, femoral, genital, patellar, hallux, acromial, vertebral, lumbar, occipital, gluteal, popliteal, sural, calcaneal, plantar, olecranal, antecubital 14. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body movement – flexion, abduction, protraction, elevation, medial rotation, pronation, circumduction, opposition 15. Give an example of anatomical variability across individuals. 16. Identify the areas and organs associated with body cavities – dorsal, ventral, cranial, vertebral, thoracic, pleural, pericardial, abdominal, pelvic, orbital, oral, synovial, middle ear, nasal 17. Identify and explain the types of body membranes – serous, parietal serosa, visceral serosa 18. Identify the areas and organs associated with abdominal quadrants and regions – right upper (RUQ), left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), left lower (LLQ), hypochondriac, epigastric, lumbar, umbilical, iliac/inguinal, hypogastric. 19. Why is it important to use consistent anatomic terminology in medicine? Key Vocabulary It is highly recommended that you make flashcards to regularly review these words. anatomy (& topics) physiology tissue Integumentary system skeletal system muscular system nervous system endocrine system cardiovascular system lymphatic system respiratory system digestive system urinary system reproductive system immune system digestion responsiveness/irritability metabolism excretion movement growth nutrient atmospheric pressure reproduction homeostasis receptor control center effector positive feedback negative feedback homeostatic imbalance anatomical position inferior/caudal anterior/ventral posterior/dorsal superior/cranial lateral intermediate distal medial proximal superficial deep plane section sagittal midsagittal/median frontal/coronal transverse/cross section oblique section dorsal cavity cranial cavity spinal cavity thoracic cavity pleural cavity pericardial cavity serous membrane parietal membrane visceral membrane ventral cavity abdominopelvic cavity abdominopelvic regions abdominal region pelvic region hypochondriac region epigastric region lumbar region inguinal/iliac region umbilical region pubic/hypogastric region thoracic region Lower Extremity Upper extremity Manus axillary region brachial region buccal region carpal region cervical region coxal region crural region digital region femoral region fibular region patellar region nasal region oral region orbital region tarsal region acromial region antecubital region sternal region frontal region gluteal region antebrachial region cephalic region popliteal region sacral region scapular region occipital region vertebral region perineal region pollex region sural region palmar region mental region mammary region olecranal region hallux region pedal region otic region plantar region dorsal region calcaneal region femoral region Calcaneal region