Download Unit One Study Guide

Unit One Study Guide
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
OBJECTIVES
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
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Explain basic concepts in biochemistry, including atomic structure, elements, chemical bonds, pH,
enzymes, and macromolecules
Identify the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell and explain their function
Use the scientific method of investigation to conduct systematic inquiry
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology
Describe the location of the major body cavities
List the organs located in each of the body cavities
Name the major systems of the body
List the organs associated with each body system
Describe the general functions of each body system
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and regions
Demonstrate the directional and regional terms
Name and describe the structural levels of living things
State the meanings of the prefixes, suffixes, and root words of this unit
Relate homeostasis to negative and positive feedback mechanisms
STUDY QUESTIONS
1. Identify the steps of scientific inquiry, and apply to investigations. How does it correlate to making a
diagnosis in healthcare?
2. Compare and contrast the study of anatomy and physiology. What are the main branches of anatomy
we can study?
3. What is meant by complementarity of structure and function? Give an example.
4. What are the levels of organization of living beings? Which levels will we concentrate on more in this
course?
5. What are the different organ systems seen in human beings? List some of the major organs associated
with each, and their principal function.
6. Identify and explain the major characteristics of life.
7. What is meant by homeostasis, and why is it important to health? Give some examples.
8. How is homeostasis regulated in the human body? Give an example.
9. Explain the role of feedback mechanisms in health and disease. Give an example.
10. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body position and direction – anterior,
posterior, inferior, superior, medial, lateral, distal, proximal, proximal, distal, superficial, deep, dorsal,
ventral, cranial, caudal, supine, prone
11. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body planes/sections – sagittal, frontal
(coronal), transverse (horizontal), oblique.
12. Distinguish planes in bipeds and quadrupeds.
13. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body cavities and regions – axial,
appendicular, cranial, facial, oral, mental, axillary, brachial, carpal, pollex, palmar, digital, inguinal,
frontal, orbital, nasal, otic, buccal, cervical, sternal, abdominal, pelvic, pubic, trunk, manus, crural,
genital, tarsal, pedal, femoral, genital, patellar, hallux, acromial, vertebral, lumbar, occipital, gluteal,
popliteal, sural, calcaneal, plantar, olecranal, antecubital
14. Identify and explain the anatomical terms associated with body movement – flexion, abduction,
protraction, elevation, medial rotation, pronation, circumduction, opposition
15. Give an example of anatomical variability across individuals.
16. Identify the areas and organs associated with body cavities – dorsal, ventral, cranial, vertebral,
thoracic, pleural, pericardial, abdominal, pelvic, orbital, oral, synovial, middle ear, nasal
17. Identify and explain the types of body membranes – serous, parietal serosa, visceral serosa
18. Identify the areas and organs associated with abdominal quadrants and regions – right upper (RUQ),
left upper (LUQ), right lower (RLQ), left lower (LLQ), hypochondriac, epigastric, lumbar, umbilical,
iliac/inguinal, hypogastric.
19. Why is it important to use consistent anatomic terminology in medicine?
Key Vocabulary
It is highly recommended that you make flashcards to regularly review these words.
anatomy (& topics)
physiology
tissue
Integumentary system
skeletal system
muscular system
nervous system
endocrine system
cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
respiratory system
digestive system
urinary system
reproductive system
immune system
digestion
responsiveness/irritability
metabolism
excretion
movement
growth
nutrient
atmospheric pressure
reproduction
homeostasis
receptor
control center
effector
positive feedback
negative feedback
homeostatic imbalance
anatomical position
inferior/caudal
anterior/ventral
posterior/dorsal
superior/cranial
lateral
intermediate
distal
medial
proximal
superficial
deep
plane
section
sagittal
midsagittal/median
frontal/coronal
transverse/cross section
oblique section
dorsal cavity
cranial cavity
spinal cavity
thoracic cavity
pleural cavity
pericardial cavity
serous membrane
parietal membrane
visceral membrane
ventral cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
abdominopelvic regions
abdominal region
pelvic region
hypochondriac region
epigastric region
lumbar region
inguinal/iliac region
umbilical region
pubic/hypogastric region
thoracic region
Lower Extremity
Upper extremity
Manus
axillary region
brachial region
buccal region
carpal region
cervical region
coxal region
crural region
digital region
femoral region
fibular region
patellar region
nasal region
oral region
orbital region
tarsal region
acromial region
antecubital region
sternal region
frontal region
gluteal region
antebrachial region
cephalic region
popliteal region
sacral region
scapular region
occipital region
vertebral region
perineal region
pollex region
sural region
palmar region
mental region
mammary region
olecranal region
hallux region
pedal region
otic region
plantar region
dorsal region
calcaneal region
femoral region
Calcaneal region