Download Abdominal cavity

An Orientation
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ALWAYS READ THESE CAREFULLY AND
COMPLETELY!!
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The Human Body: An Orientation
 What

A branch of knowledge, esp. one that
systematizes facts, principles and methods
 The


is science?
science of the human body:
learn about the facts of structure
systematically apply these facts to principles of
function
 The
study of the structure of the parts of the
body:

ANATOMY
 The

study of the function of the parts:
PHYSIOLOGY
 Disruption
of physiology can lead to disease
 Study of diseases of body:

PATHOLOGY
 There
is an order to the body
arrangement
 It is the way the body is organized
 This is called the hierarchy of the body
 The smallest level is the chemical level:
Atom
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism
Slide 10
 Skeletal
System
 Muscular System
 Nervous System
 Endocrine System
 Cardiovascular System
 Lymphatic System
 Respiratory System
 Digestive System
 Urinary System
 Reproductive System
 Pages
7-10
 These are landmarks for giving directions
 Universal terms that everyone uses
 From a neurologist to a chiropractor to an
MA. This was we can all communicate.
 Same
thing, we need to communicate
with each other. This a way we give
directions to each other.
 Is a universal way to communicate
locations on the body to other health
care workers.
 Everyone in the medical community uses
this language-universal language
A
reference posture for standardizing
terminology:

Anatomical Position page 4
 Important


for:
description of position of structures, regardless of
position of body
Universally accepted
 Any
references made to structures from
now on assume Anatomical Position
 It is the

the patient’s right and left
 ASSUME
ALL DIRECTIONS START HERE
Slide 16
 Always
come pairs
 Like
the compass, the directional terms
are used to describe RELATIVE position
 Need
to establish a starting point, or
Indicator Structure

In a sentence usually follows the word “to”
 The
head is in what position to the
shoulders?

“above” “on top of”
 Shoulders


are your starting point
indicator structure
So the position of the head is relative to the
shoulders
 **Remember
Anatomical Position**

Anterior
Towards the front of the body
 Ventral




“venter” = Latin for belly
Anterior and Ventral mean towards the belly or front
of the body
Posterior


Towards the back of the body
Dorsal


“dorsum” = Latin for back
Posterior and Dorsal mean towards the back of the
body
 1)
The spine is
heart

find the indicator structure (starting point)


to the
Heart (follows “to”, starting point)
the position of the spine relative to the heart is
towards the back of the body
 The
spine is Posterior or Dorsal to the heart

Superior
“above” along the vertical axis of the body in
anatomical position
 like someone who is “superior”
 Cephalad or Cranial



towards the head
Inferior
“below” along the vertical axis of the body in
anatomical position
 like someone who feels less than or “inferior”
 Caudal


towards the tail
 Don’t
forget your indicator structures!!
1) The nose is
2) The abdomen is
3) The belly button is
4) The knee is
5) The shoulder blade is
to the mouth
to the chest
to the spine
to the foot
to the breast
 Top/Bottom
 Front/Back
 Now…..

Middle/Sides
 Remember
- we are 3-D and so structures
are not always top/bottom, front/back
 Instead, they are along the same plane,
and to the side
 Nose
to ear
 not really above, not really towards the
front……..
 Medial

towards the midline of the body
 Lateral

to the side, away from midline
 The
ear
nose is
to the
 There
are special terms used especially for
the limbs
 Proximal


toward or closest the point of attachment or
trunk
“close proximity”
 Distal


away from the point of attachment or trunk
“distance”
 The
elbow is
wrist
 The fingernail is
the knuckle
 The hip is
 The fingers are
to the
to
to the knee
to the shoulder
 The
next terms are used to describe the
position of structures relative to the body
surface
 Superficial


towards the surface of the body
more external
 Deep


away from the surface of the body
more internal
 The
skin is
skeletal muscles
 The
ribs
lungs are
to the
to the
3
common planes frequently used to
describe dissections or to look inside an
organ or the body as a whole
 Frontal Plane



“coronal plane”
vertical plane
used to separate body into anterior/posterior
parts
~Frontal or Coronal Plane
~Anterior/Posterior Parts
 Transverse



Plane
“Cross-Sectional” or “Axial”
horizontal plane runs parallel to ground
diving body into cranial/caudal parts
 Sagittal



Plane
“lateral” plane
separates body into left and right halves
Midsagittal

separates body into equal left and right halves
 “Cavity”
- any hollow place or space in
the human body
 Major cavities are used to divide body
into regions and describe the organs
found within
 Viscera

fancy term used to describe the organs within
a cavity
 Visualize
the body in anatomical position
 Locate the dorsal/ventral regions
 Dorsal Cavity


towards the back
subdivided into 2 cavities


Cranial cavity - houses the cranium and brain
Spinal cavity - houses the spinal cord and vertebral
column
 Ventral



Cavity
towards the front of the body
Subdivided into 2 cavities
Thoracic Cavity




superior ventral cavity
everything from the diaphragm to the neck
has right and left side which houses the lungs
contains an area with tissues and organs between
the lungs called the mediastinum
 Inferior
ventral cavity:
 Abdominopelvic Cavity



everything from the diaphragm to the groin area
Subdivides into:
Abdominal cavity



superior abdominopelvic cavity
contains digestive organs (except sigmoid colon)
Pelvic cavity


inferior abdominopelvic cavity
contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, sigmoid
colon, rectum
 The
abdominal cavity is quite large and
houses many organs
 Anterior surface subdivided to make
referencing easier for:



discussion
dissection
relating a specific area of pain or organ
location
 Four
roughly equal sections
 Named according to relative position
 **Remember
Anatomical Right & Left**
Right Upper Quadrant
RUQ
Right Lower Quadrant
RLQ
Left Upper Quadrant
LUQ
Left Lower Quadrant
LLQ
 The
abdominal quadrants are further divided
into 9 abdominal regions
Right Hypochondriac
Region
Right Lumbar Region
Epigastric
Region
Left Hypochondriac
Region
Umbilical
Left Lumbar Region
Region
Right Iliac (Inguinal)
Region
Hypogastric
(pubic) Region
Region
Left Iliac (Inguinal)
 All
the systems work together to promote
balance
H o m e o s t a t s i s
The ability for the body to maintain an
internal environment for proper function
 The body functions best at homeostasis
 When the body moves away from
homeostasis, you move toward disease
 Loss of homeostasis at any level of the
hierarchy can affect the rest of the body
 Ultimate loss of homeostasis = Death

 To
maintain balance the body uses
‘feedback loops’
 There is a negative feedback loop and a
positive feedback loop
 The most common is _________________
 Think about the thermostat in your
room…. The temp falls, and the
thermostat tells the furnace to kick on and
“bring the body back to homeostasis”
 A positive feedback loop is the opposite
 In
a positive feedback loop the body is
already in homeostasis and the positive
feedback loop kicks in and “moves the
body away from homeostasis”
 Everybody
gets a membrane
 Movement
 Responsiveness
 Digestion
 Metabolism
 Excretion
 Reproduction
 growth
 Nutrients
 Oxygen
 Water
 Maintain
temp
 Maintain pressure
 Need to be present and in suficient
amounts
Remember to:
 Complete the readings
 Complete the discussion/participation
requirements
 Complete the online materials
 STUDY STUDY STUDY
 Complete the quiz
 Complete the exams (there are two this
week)
 ASK QUESTIONS when necessary!!