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Respiration
If you can’t breathe, nothing
else matters! ® American Lung Association
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD), is the fourth leading cause of
death in the United States, a major cause
of death throughout the world, and the
third leading cause for disability in the
United States. No wonder that when the
doctor utters those initials, "COPD" or
"Emphysema," for the first time, the
individual goes into a state of shock and
depression.
1. Lateral
cartilage
2. Inferior
concha
3. Middle
concha
4. Superior
concha
5. Sphenoid
sinus
6. Nasal
septum
Functions of the internal nose!
The interior structures of the nose are specialized for
three functions:
(1) incoming air is warmed, moistened, and filtered;
(2) olfactory stimuli are received; and
(3) large hollow resonating chambers are provided for
speech sounds.
In addition, mucous membranes trap dust particles
and, with the help of cilia, move unwanted particles
to the throat for elimination.
1.Nasal cavity
2.Hard palate
3.Tongue
4.Soft palate
5.Larynx
6.Spinal column
7.Spinal cord
8.Trachea
Larynx
This diagram shows
the view of the
larnyx as seen from
above. Note the
position of the
epiglottis and the
vocal cords.
Check out the model!
Review
Identify each of the numbered
structures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is the identity of the U shaped
structure at the bottom of the above
photograph? What is(are) its
function.
1. Hyoid bone
2. Thyroid
cartilage
3. Cricoid
cartilage
4. Tracheal
cartilages
The Chest Cavity
Thorax
This is a view of the
thorax showing the
mediastinum and heart
separating the two
lungs. Each lung is
within a separate
pleural cavity with the
Visceral pleura tightly
associated with the
surface of the lungs and
the Somatic Pleura
associated with the
inside of the thoracic
wall. The somatic
pleura also covers the
diaphragm which forms
the floor of the thoracic
cavity
Organs of thorax
This photograph shows the
larynx, trachea, primary
bronchi and the great
vessels of the heart all of
which are found in the
mediastinum. The nerves
serving the diaphragm and
the heart can also be
identified. The two lungs
are seen with a Cardiac
notch present in the left
lung. What is found in this
notch.
The Trachea and the Lungs
Trachea
The Trachea consists of smooth muscle, elastic
connective tissue, and incomplete rings of cartilage
shaped like a series of letter C's. The open ends of the
C's are held together by the trachealis muscle. The
cartilage provides a rigid support so that the tracheal
wall does not collapse inward and obstruct the air
passageway, and, because the open parts of the C's
face the esophagus, the latter can expand into the
trachea during swallowing. If the trachea should
become obstructed, a tracheostomy may be
performed. Another method of opening the air
passageway is called intubation, in which a tube is
passed into the mouth and down through the larynx
and the trachea.
Primary Bronchii and Trachea
The Primary Bronchi and
Trachea are seen in the
center of this image. What is
the major blood vessel seen
as red located just to the left
side of the trachea? At the
bifurcation of the trachea, on
the midline, is a sensitive
area called the Carina which
represents a receptor for the
cough reflex. Particles falling
on this ridge of tissue
initiates a forceful explusion
as part of a cough.
The Trachea and The Bronchi
Bronchial Tree
The Trachea terminates by dividing into a Right
Primary Bronchus, going to the Right Lung, and
a Left Primary Bronchus, to the Left Lung. They
continue dividing in the lungs into smaller bronchi,
the secondary (lobar) bronchi, one for each lobe of
the lung. These bronchi, in turn, continue dividing
into still smaller bronchi called Tertiary
(Segmental) Bronchi, which divide into
Bronchioles. The next division is into even smaller
tubes called Terminal Bronchioles. This entire
branching structure of the trachea is commonly
referred to as the Bronchial Tree.
What are the lungs?
The lungs are multi-lobed, bilateral, spongy
organs involved in the process of respiration and
which lie enclosed within the chest cavity. The
right lung has three sections, called lobes; it is a
little larger than the left lung, which has two lobes.
When we breathe in, the lungs take in oxygen,
which our cells need to live and carry out their
normal functions. When we breathe out, the lungs
get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product
of the body's cells.
Major surface features of the
Broad inferior portion
lungs include: 1. Base
resting on diaphragm.
2. Apex Narrow superior portion
just above clavicles.
3. Costal surface Surface lying
against ribs.
4. Mediastinal surface Medial
surface.
5 . Hilus Region in mediastinal
surface through which bronchial
tubes, blood vessels,
lymphatics, and nerves enter
and exit the lung.
6. Cardiac notch Medial
concavity in left lung in which
heart lies.
Squamous pulmonary
The alveolar wall:1) epithelial
cells Large
cells that form a
continuous lining of the
alveolar wall, except for
occasional septal cells.
2) Septal cells Cuboidal
cells dispersed among
squamous pulmonary
epithelial cells that
secrete a phospholipid
substance called
Surfactant, a surface
tension lowering agent.
3) Alveolar macrophages
(dust cells)Phagocytic
cells that remove dust
particles and other debris
from the alveolar spaces.
Alveolar-capillary membrane
The exchange of respiratory gases
between the lungs and blood takes
place by diffusion across the alveolar
and capillary walls. This membrane,
through which the respiratory gases
move, is collectively known as the
alveolar-capillary membrane.
1. A layer of squamous
pulmonary epithelial cells with
septal cells and free alveolar
macrophages (dust cells) that
constitute the alveolar
(epithelial) wall.
2. An epithelial basement
membrane underneath the
alveolar wall.
3. A capillary basement
membrane that is often fused
to the epithelial basement
membrane.
4. The endothelial cells of the
capillary.
Measurement of Respiratory
Volumes
The word respiration refers to one
complete respiratory cycle, including
one inspiration and one expiration. A
normal adult has 14 to 18 respirations in
a minute, during which the lungs
exchange specific volumes of air with
the atmosphere.
Tidal Volume
As the following respiratory volumes and
capacities are discussed, keep in mind that
the values given vary with age, height, sex,
and physiological state. The volume of air
expired under normal, quiet inspiration is
approximately 500 ml. The volume of air
expired under normal, quiet breathing
conditions is equal to that of inspiration, and
this volume of air is called Tidal Volume.
Dead Spaces
Only approximately 350 ml of this tidal volume
reaches the alveoli. The other 150 ml of air is
called Dead Air volume because it remains in
the spaces not designed for air exchange
(Anatomical dead space ) (nose, pharynx,
larynx, trachea, and bronchi) as well as those
areas designed for air exchange but not
currently being utilized by the lungs
(Physiological dead space).
Total Air Volume
Inspiratory reserve volume ~ take in a breath,
without exhaling, take in as much air as you
can.
Expiratory reserve volume ~ Exhale normally
and without inhaling exhale as much as you
can. (TV + ERV = ERC)
Residual volume ~ Even with forceful expiration
there is still air remaining in the lungs.
Vital capacity ~ is equal to the volume of air that
can be forcibly exhaled following maximal
inspiratory effort (IRV + TV +ERC)
Spirogram
Diaphragm and pericardial sac
This a view of the
base of the thoracic
cavity showing the
muscular diaphragm
crowning medially.
Attached to the
medial portion of the
diaphragm is the
fibrous membrane
which forms the
Percardial sac.