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Earth Science Review Natural Resources Two groups Energy Resources Material Resources Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Resources Provide people with energy Sunlight- provide heat and light, and changed into electricity Wind Moving water Fuels Wood, coal, gasoline, and oil Material Resources Used to make different products Minerals, water, plants, animals, rocks and soil Example: sand used to make glass, wheat used to make flour Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources Renewable resources Replaced or replenished by nature Plants, animals, and water Nonrenewable Forever lost when used up or take a lot of years to be replaced Oil, coal, and natural gas Fossil Fuels Energy comes from the fossil remains of organisms Burned to provide energy for heating, cooking, and transportation Example: petroleum-liquid fossil fuel; natural gas-forms on top of petroleum; coal is solid fossil fuel formed from dead plant material Other types of energy Geothermal Heat energy from within the earth Nuclear Comes from the center of the atom Wind energy-moving air Hydroelectric-moving water Wave and tidal-ocean Solar energy -sun-drives most natural processes within the atmosphere Meteorology Earth’s atmosphere 78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% other Layers Exosphere-outermost layer Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere-nearest the Earth Water Cycle Vocabulary Coriolis effect Jet stream Effect that Earth’s rotation has on the path of air and water moving at or above its surface Narrow stream of high-speed wind high in the atmosphere, generally moving west to east in the Northern Hemisphere Global winds A wind that blows steadily in the same direction across thousands of kilometers Weather Conditions of the atmosphere Radar is a tool used for gathering data Station model Weather fronts Clouds Weather related phenomena Thunderstorms Hurricanes Tornadoes Brainpop Climate General weather of an area over a long period of time. Latitude- distance of a place north or south of the equator Elevation- distance of a place above sea level Topography- shape of the land- affects the amount of precipitation an area receives World Climates Watersheds Watershed vocabulary Drainage basin- area of land that drains water from higher land to lower land and into a stream. Also known as: watershed Divides- ridge that separates two drainage basins Tributaries-A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. Wetlands-Land consisting of marshes or swamps; saturated land. Estuaries- regions where a river flows into the ocean, and fresh river water mixes with salty ocean water Water monitoring- how? Source of life: water in our environment video Astronomy Study of the planets, stars, galaxies, and all other objects in space. Globe- a three dimensional model of Earth Earth’s axis- imaginary line that runs from its North Pole, through its center, to its South Pole Rotation- spin around the axis- takes about 24 hours Orbit- one revolution around the sun is 365 daysone Earth year Orbital plane- imaginary surface that contains Earth’s orbit or its path around the sun Hemispheres Northern hemisphere tilts toward the sun during the summer and away from the sun during the winter Solstices- the days when Earth is most tilted toward the sun, June 21 and December 21 Equinoxes- days when the Earth is not tilted toward the sun Seasons Summer Solstice- June 21. Northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun. Days become longer and warmer Vernal equinox- around March 21. Earth reaches a point where the tilt is not toward or away from the sun- day and night length about the same. Beginnning of Spring Autumnal equinox- Sept. 22. Tilt is not away or toward the sun Winter Solstice- December 21. Northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. Daylight hours the shortest Moon phases Moon phases cont. Eclipse- occurs when one object in space cast a shadow on another Solar eclipse- moon moves directly between Earth and the sun causing the moon to cast a shadow on the Earth Moon phases cont. Lunar eclipseoccurs when Earth casts a shadow on the moon. This happens when the sun, Earth, and moon are exactly lined up with the Earth in the middle. Tides Changes in ocean water levels that take place in a regular pattern. Controlled by pull of gravity between the Earth and Moon. Tides change four times a day Brainpop-tides Solar System Includes sun and all objects in space that are affected by the sun’s gravity. Moon Natural satellite of a planet Satellite- an object that stays in an orbit around a planet. Craters- dish shaped pits formed when objects from space struck the surface. Planets Inner planets (terrestrial-Earthlike)-four planets nearest the sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Outer planets (gas giants)- surfaces made of slush-gaseous atmosphere: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune Pluto-not classified as inner or outer. Appears to made of gases frozen into ice. Brainpop-planets Solar System cont. Comet- mixture of frozen gases and tiny particles of dust. Solar wind- particles from the sun Meteors- streak of light formed by a space rock burning up as it plunges into Earth’s atmosphere Meteorite- a rock that strikes the Earth Stars- objects in space, made of gases, which produce their own light and heat. Solar System cont. Light year- a measurement equal to 9.5 trillion kilometers- the distance light travels in 1 year. Nuclear fusion- occur when hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms Galaxy- family of stars Milky Way Galaxy- Earth’s galaxy-spiral galaxy. Constellations- groups of stars that form pictures in the night sky Constellations