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Psychology 110 B Introduction to Neurons and the Brain © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are at Psychology, the science of mind and behavior The scientific method Nature, Part 1: environment & evolution Nature, Part 2: the thing that supports mind and behavior The shapers of mind and behavior The brain and the rest of the nervous system Nurture - learning Minds © Kip Smith, 2003 The Nervous System Psychology is the science of mind and behavior = The science of information processing by the nervous system © Kip Smith, 2003 The nervous system has 4 information processing tasks Receiving input Organizing and integrating information so they can be used to direct goal-directed activity Controlling the body Sight, sound, touch, pain, smell, taste, proprioception, etc. Motor, emotional, etc. The big C: Consciousness © Kip Smith, 2003 Task 1: Receiving sensory input Perception Picking up the information made available by the environment Performed by the sensory portion of the peripheral nervous system © Kip Smith, 2003 The ‘incoming’ portion of the peripheral nervous system Task 1: Receiving sensory input Perception Picking up the information made available by the environment Performed by the sensory portion of the peripheral nervous system © Kip Smith, 2003 Task 2: Organizing and integrating information Storing information Retrieving stored information Turning information into knowledge One of the two functions of memory The other function of memory Making the information useful Reflex action Emotion Thought © Kip Smith, 2003 Task 3: Controlling the body Maintaining homeostasis Sustaining life Thermoregulation, etc. Heart rate Breathing Performed by the autonomic nervous system © Kip Smith, 2003 Task 3: Controlling the body Generating action Movement © Kip Smith, 2003 Performed by the ‘outgoing’ portion of the peripheral nervous system Brainstem, Limbic System, & Cortex © Kip Smith, 2003 The Brainstem Thalamus: relay between sensory receptors and the cortex Midbrain: Sleep (dreams) & arousal Medulla & Pons: breathing and heart rate; relay between visceral stimuli and thalamus © Kip Smith, 2003 Basal ganglia: coordinates deliberate movements Moving on up ... Cerebellum: coordinates rapid movement and balance © Kip Smith, 2003 Hypothalamus: directs homeostasis and basic drives e.g., the 4 F’s: feeding, fleeing, fighting, f* The Limbic System Hippocampus: involved in the storage of memory Amygdala: controls fear & aggression The structures in the limbic system mediate memory, homeostasis, and emotion © Kip Smith, 2003 Homeostasis, Emotion, Memory Homeostasis Emotion Maintaining a constant internal state, e.g., 98.6° Regulating body chemistry, e.g., blood sugar A bodily state, a response to information in the environment A ‘feeling’ is consciousness of an emotion Memory © Kip Smith, 2003 Cortex Parietal Where How Occipital Vision Frontal Judgment, decision making, integration of information Temporal Memory Categories © Kip Smith, 2003 Topographic Organization & Localization of Function Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex The map of what’s going on with the body Primary visual/auditory cortex Tells the body what to do, how to move The first cortical stop in the stream of vision/hearing Wernike’s/Broca’s areas Speech comprehension/production © Kip Smith, 2003 Primary motor cortex Primary somatosensory cortex Hemispheric specialization Association areas in the left and right hemispheres of the brain tend to specialize to serve different functions They are connected by the corpus collosum, a massive bundle of axons © Kip Smith, 2003 Left Language Comprehension Speech Right Visuospatial Map reading Face recognition Drawing geometric shapes This differentiation becomes obvious only in special cases © Kip Smith, 2003 The big unsolved problem Task 4: Consciousness How do neurons (nerve cells) provide the basis for the phenomenon of consciousness? An exercise for the student © Kip Smith, 2003 For next time Read Chapter 5 Gazzaniga, M. S. (1967). The split brain in man. = the third article in the Scientific American reader Do PsychInquiry Both activities for chapter 5 Questions? © Kip Smith, 2003