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Motivation, Incentives, Drives, and Rewards Next: Sleep, dreams, & emotion © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are at Psychology is the science of mind and behavior Behavior is directed at goals Motivation orients the mind toward a particular goal There are two categories of things that motivate: Incentives and drives © Kip Smith, 2003 Goal-directed behavior Is oriented by the current combination of incentives and drives In order for behavior to be directed at a specific goal: If incentives are weak, the drive must be strong This is what ‘character’ is all about If the drive is weak, the incentives must be strong © Kip Smith, 2003 This is what marketing is all about Incentives and Drives External motives are called incentives. Examples: Pay Grades Popularity Internal motives are called drives. Examples: Hunger Sex Curiosity Self-esteem © Kip Smith, 2003 Where we are going Today, a discussion of some of the better understood drives and rewards and related issues Homeostasis Sex Next Sleep & dreams Emotion & arousal Emotions Gender Rewards Hunger Money Drugs © Kip Smith, 2003 Anger Anxiety, Fear Disgust Joy Sadness Surprise Homeostasis: the fundamental regulatory drive The body must maintain ± constant levels of: Temperature Oxygen Water Salt Sugar … Homeostasis is the drive to maintain those ± constant levels © Kip Smith, 2003 Drives vary with time Sometimes you would rather sleep Sometimes you just gotta eat When you change your goal (e.g., from sleep to food), something in your mind has changed One drive has become dominant The other drives are still there but are not determining your goal orientation © Kip Smith, 2003 Tissue need Homeostatic drives seek to satisfy metabolic goals You don’t meet the goal, you die = ‘tissue need’ = a ‘regulatory’ drive (e.g., thermoregulation) © Kip Smith, 2003 Elective (non-regulatory) drives Other drives seek to satisfy other types of goals. Example: self-esteem You don’t meet the goal, you don’t die = an elective drive These drives seek some other purpose © Kip Smith, 2003 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Homeostasis Central drive systems © Kip Smith, 2003 Functional differentiation Different drives are supported by different neuronal networks in the brain E.g., The neural circuits that make you want to eat are different than the circuits that make you want sex The neural circuits that support drives are called central drive systems © Kip Smith, 2003 The hypothalamus The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that supports most central drive systems Different parts of the hypothalamus support different drives How do we know this? Conduct the experiment in the Psych Inquiry activity for Chapter 6 called The Hypothalamus and Hunger. Hand in the results next time © Kip Smith, 2003 Rewards Real-time connotation Historical connotation stimuli and activities that create a behavioral disposition to resist interruption of ongoing behavior stored representation of strength, rate, amount, delay, kind, and spatio-temporal distribution Future-oriented connotation anticipation selection of behavioral objectives © Kip Smith, 2003 Three ways to study the neuronal basis for drives and rewards 1 Lesion studies Stoke patients Ablation in laboratory animals 2 Stimulation studies Electrical stimulation of specific bundles of neurons The foundational studies were done by Olds 3 © Kip Smith, 2003 You are responsible for knowing the content of Old’s review paper which is included in the paperback of Scientific American articles. Neuroimaging 1 Lesion studies Stroke patients often display abnormal behavior, e.g., the sudden inability to swallow, to speak, to see the left side of everything We can use neuroimaging techniques to identify which parts of the brain have been injured by the stoke © Kip Smith, 2003 Relation between BSR & other rewards Rewarding effect can compete with, summate with, and substitute for rewarding effect of natural stimuli such as sucrose solutions Rewarding effect is modulated by selfadministered drugs e.g., heroin, cocaine, & amphetamine all boost the rewarding effect © Kip Smith, 2003 A first pass Assessing the relationship between brain reward circuitry in rats and the anticipation and experience of reward in humans Trace circuitry underlying BSR in rats By means of functional neuroimaging, assess activation of circuit components in humans performing reward-related tasks © Kip Smith, 2003 BSR sites in the rat © Kip Smith, 2003 BSR sites in the rat medial forebrain bundle (MFB) lateral hypothalamus (LH) ventral tegmental area (VTA) © Kip Smith, 2003 Some cell groups implicated in BSR "descending path" PPT = pedunculopontine nucleus DA = dopaminergic VTA neurons © Kip Smith, 2003 DA PPT © Kip Smith, 2003 3 Neuroimaging takes pictures of the brain Neuroimaging More exactly, of the demand for blood by clusters of neurons The assumption: The more active the neurons, the more energy they need (O2, sugars, etc.). Regional cerebral bloodflow responds to that need © Kip Smith, 2003 Brain Stimulation and Neuroimaging Research Neuroimaging observations are correlational. Stimulation experiments assess causal relationships. © Kip Smith, 2003 Read: Chapter 6 Article 4 in the Scientific American booklet: James Olds (1956). Pleasure centers in the brain Conduct the experiment in the Psych Inquiry activity for Chapter 6 called The Hypothalamus and Hunger © Kip Smith, 2003