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Psych on The Brain 1 How well do you know your Brain? 2 Aoccrdrinig to rscheearch at Cmabridge Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr the ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoetnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be ttaol mses and you can sitll raed it wouthit porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. A Little Quiz (no, it doesn’t count) 4 When are your last brain cells born? A) Before Birth B) At age Six C) Between the ages of Eighteen and twenty-three D) In old Age 5 Which of the following is NOT likely to improve brain function in old age? A) Eating fish with omega-3 fatty acids B) Getting regular exercise C) Drinking one or two glasses of red wine/day D) Drinking a whole bottle of red wine/day 6 Which of the following strategies is the best one for overcoming jet lag? A) Taking melatonin the night after you arrive at your destination B) Avoiding daylight for several days C) Getting sunlight in the afternoon at your destination D) Sleeping with the light on 7 Your brain uses about as much energy as a A) refrigerator light. B) laptop computer. C) idling car. D) car moving down a highway. 8 Someone is tickling you. You can reduce the sensation by A) putting your hand on his to follow the movement B) biting your knuckles C) tickling him back D) drinking a glass of water 9 Which of the following activities is likely to improve your performance in school? A) B) C) D) E) 10 Listening to classical music while you sleep Listening to classical music while you study Learning a musical instrument Taking breaks from studying to play video games Both C and D Which of the following things is a blow to the head least likely to cause? A) Loss of consciousness B) Memory loss C) Restoration of memory after suffering amnesia D) Personality Change 11 You are in a noisy room talking to a friend on a cell phone To have a clearer conversation you should: A) B) C) D) 12 talk more loudly. cover one ear & listen thru the other. cover your ear when you talk. cover the mouthpiece when you listen. Which of the following is the hardest thing your brain does? A) Doing Long Division B) Looking at a photograph C) Playing Chess D) Sleeping 13 Memory starts to get worse in which decade of life? A) Thirties B) Forties C) Fifties D) Sixties 14 How much of your brain do you use? A) 10% B) 5% when sleeping, 20% awake C) 100% D) Varies according to intelligence 15 Brain Facts The adult human brain weighs about 3 lbs. The adult human brain has about 100 BILLION (!) neurons, 20 times more than the world population Early in pregnancy, a baby’s neurons multiply at about 250,000 per minute (!) There are 1,000 to 10,000 synapses per neuron in a “typical” adult human brain 16 More brain facts The best estimates of the speed of neural transmission range from 6 to 122 meters per second (100 meters per second equals about 224 miles per hour) Nearly half the weight of the brain comes from glial cells (think “glue” cells), which help support the neurons that send messages and outnumber them about 10 to 1 17 More brain stuff Some neurons release excitatory neurotransmitters, which are analagous to the gas pedal on a car Other neurons release inhibitory neurotransmitters, which act like the brakes on a car 18 The Cerebral Cortex The cortex is the wrinkled, outer covering of the brain, often likened to the bark of a tree If the human cortex was flattened out, it would be equal to about 4 sheets of paper 19 Relative Cortex Sizes A chimpanzee’s cortex = one sheet of paper A monkey’s cortex = a postcard A rat’s cortex = a postage stamp 20 The Lobes of the Cortex We divide the cortex into four 21 sections, or lobes: The frontal lobes The parietal lobe The occipital lobe The temporal lobe The Frontal Lobe One Third of the Cerebral cortex Several Primary functions: Planning ahead Prediction “Programming” for one’s needs Judgement, understanding 22 consequences Analytical and critical reasoning Cognition and memory voluntary motor activity stores language skills More on the Cortex Some estimate that as much as 75% of the cortical area is given over to the “association cortex” (it’s not very easily localized in any one spot), which makes connections etc. Damage to association areas in the frontal lobes can prevent a person from fleeing danger even though they “know” they should flee! 23 The Lobes of the Cortex (continued The occipital lobes: at the rear of the head; houses the visual cortex The temporal lobes: at the temple, on the side of the head; houses the auditory cortex, smell is housed here F.P.O.T.! 24 The Parietal Lobe An area that responds to nerve impulses for: Pain Temperature Touch Pressure Left-right orientation 25 Occipital Lobe Visual Information processed here Damage to this area can cause partial or complete blindness 26 Temporal Lobe Upper section of it affects hearing Inner surface concerns memory processing 27 28 29 The Limbic System Sometimes called the “emotional brain” Includes: thalamus hypothalamus amygdala hippocampus 30 Thalamus “Last Stop” for neurons firing info to cerebral cortex A kind of “relay center” for sensory input Related to sleep and wakefulness 31 Hypothalamus Related to Homeostasis Links nervous system to the endocrine system - related to pituitary gland Hormone production and regulation affecting emotional behavior, including anger, stress, and sex Also blood pressure, heart rate, thirst, hunger, circadian rhythms, and other maintenance functions 32 Amygdala Named because of its “almond” shape Relays info to hypothalamus Involved in storage of emotional memories, particularly negative ones 33 Amygdala Issues Over reaction, Hyper emotionality Hyper sexuality Monkey mothers damaged amygdalas were abusive Borderline personality disorder Misinterpretation of facial expressions in depressed patients 34 Hippocampus Involved in long-term memory (first damaged in Alzheimers Used to access facts stored in memory Related to inhibitions Also involved in spatial navigation 35 Brain differences thinking about finances 36 37