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Ch. 13.1: The Quantum Mechanical Model Define Quantum Explain the significance of quantized energies of electrons as they relate to the quantum mechanical model of the atom. A quantum of energy is the amount of energy required to move an electron from its present energy level to the next higher one. The energy of electrons is said to be quantized. Quantum number refers to major energy level in the atom. (in increasing order) Denoted by “n” ◦ n= 1,2,3,4,5,… The distance between the electron and nucleus increases with each rise in energy level. The distance between the electron and nucleus ___________ with each rise in energy level. Increases 4 different sublevels : they are denoted by letters. ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ s p d f These are the rows of the movie theater sections. These are called Atomic Orbitals. The first orbital is “s”. ◦ It has a spherical shape. ◦ There is only one type of “s” orbital. ◦ Compare they electrons in “s” orbital w/ those in Bohr Model. Representations of Orbitals The s-Orbitals The second orbital is “p”. ◦ It has a dumbbell-like shape. ◦ There are three different kinds of “p” orbitals. They have different orientations ◦ px, py, pz ◦ Where are the electrons? The third orbital is “d”. ◦ It has a shape somewhat like a four-leaf clover ◦ There are 5 types of “d” orbitals. ◦ Where are the electrons? The fourth orbital is “f”. ◦ It has a very complex shape. In fact it is too complex to even fathom! ◦ There are 7 different “f” orbitals How many electrons can an orbital within a sublevel hold? Principal Energy Level Number Types of Sublevels of Sublevels n=1 1 1s (1 orbital) n=2 2 2s (1 orbital), 2p (3 orbitals) n=3 3 3s (1 orbital), 3p (3orbitals), 3d (5 orbitals) n=4 4 4s (1 orbital), 4p (3 orbitals), 4d (5 orbitals), 4f (7 orbitals) The maximum number of electrons that can occupy a principal energy level is given by the formula 2n2 . Increasing energy (increasing distance from the nucleus) Energy Level “n” 1 2 3 4 Max # of 2 Electrons allowed 8 18 32 Ch.13 Section 1 p.366 ◦ #3 & #4 Ch. 13 Chapter Review p. 386 #24 & #25 ORBITAL DIAGRAMS AND ELECTRON ARRANGEMENT IN ATOMS CH. 13.2: E L E C T R O N C O N F I G U R AT I O N REVAMPED ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND THE PERIODIC TABLE •Each row is called a “period” ELECTRON CONFIGURATION PERIODIC TABLE “Like a running back, get it, man I’m straight off the block” ORBITAL DIAGRAMS (AUF BAU DIAGRAM) An orbital diagram is a pictorial description of how electrons are arranged in an atom. ORBITAL DIAGRAMS Three rules that dictate how electrons are arranged. 1. Aufbau Principle - electrons enter orbitals of lowest energy first. See diagonal chart or periodic table. Electrons do not fill in orbitals in consecutive numerical order. ORBITAL ENERGY DIAGRAM The boxes are the individual atomic orbitals and they are to be filled with electrons. Orbitals and Their Energies Many-Electron Atoms AUF BAU PRINCIPLE Electrons enter the orbitals in the direction of the arrows. This pattern continues through the “f” orbitals. ORBITAL DIAGRAMS 2. Pauli Exclusion Principle - an atomic orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons and those 2 electrons must have opposite spins Many-Electron Atoms Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principle ORBITAL DIAGRAMS 3. Hund’s Rule - When electrons occupy orbitals of equal energy (same sublevel), one electron enters each orbital with parallel spin before pairing oppositely. Example: a 2p sublevel with 3 electrons a 3d sublevel with 8 electrons ORBITAL DIAGRAM PRACTICE Draw Orbital Diagrams for the following Elements: Be – S- Fe – Ge - HOMEWORK Study Guide: Periodic table, Atomic Orbitals, Orbital Diagrams, and Electron Configuration Worksheet • Due Friday Jan, 14th • Test on Wednesday 19th ELECTRON CONFIGURATION The way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus according to energy specifications. ELECTRON CONFIGURATION Orbital diagram – orbital is a box grouped by sublevel containing arrow(s) to represent electrons Orbitals and Their Energies Many-Electron Atoms HE ATOM Electron configuration– 1s2 Orbital diagram LI ATOM Electron configuration– 1s2 2s1 Orbital diagram ELECTRON CONFIGURATION PRACTICE Cl Ne Sr - A. ELECTRON ARRANGEMENTS IN THE FIRST 18 ATOMS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE Classifying Electrons Valence electrons – electrons in the outermost (highest) principal energy level of an atom Core electrons – inner electrons Elements with the same valence electron arrangement show very similar chemical behavior.