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Chapter 15 Section 1: Theories of Evolution Lamarck’ Theory of Evolution • Organisms had need/desire to improve • Use and disuse • Inheritance of acquired characteristics Charles Darwin – The Trip • Charles Darwin: The naturalist • Traveled on H.M.S. Beagle in 1831 to the Galapagos Islands – Climates – Finches – Tortoises Hawaiian Honeycreeper To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document. Darwin and Modern Evolution • Darwin: A brief history • Influences on Darwin: – Trip to the Galapagos Islands – Hutton and Lyell (Unifromitarianism) – Thomas Malthus – Alfred Wallace • Publication of The Origin of Species - 1859 Darwin’s Application of Malthus – Organisms produce more offspring than can survive – This produces a struggle for existence – Each member has variations – Those with variations that give the organism an advantage will have the best chance for survival = “survival of the fittest” Darwin’s Theories • Descent with Modification – Common ancestry • Modification by Natural Selection – Fitness – Adaptive advantage – Source of adaptation? – Definition of success Explaining Natural Selection • Occurs when organisms with higher fitness survive, reproduce and successfully pass on their traits • Organisms with lower fitness are less likely to survive • Eventually, population is made up of only those with higher fitness QOD What evidence do we have to support evolution by natural selection? Fossils • Definition: • Types: – Mold – Cast – Amber – Frozen – Imprint – Trace – Mineralized How Fossils Form To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document. Distribution of Fossils • Location – Type of rock – Law of superposition – Stratum/Strata • Age – Relative age – Absolute age Fossils in Rock Layers To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document. Succession and Biogeography • Succession of Forms – Extinction – Mass extinction • Biogeography Evidence for Evolution • Fossils • Homologous Structures • Analogous Structures • Vestigial Structures • Embryology • Macromolecules Homologous Structures To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document. Analogous structures Vestigial Structures To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document. Other Forms of Evidence Patterns of Evolution • Coevolution • Convergent evolution • Divergent evolution – Adaptive radiation – Artificial selection Hawaiian Honeycreeper To return to the chapter summary click escape or close this document. QOD Where do we see natural selection in action today? Kettlewell and the peppered moth Antibiotic resistance