Download Charles Darwin + Natural Selection

Charles Darwin + Natural
Selection
Sophie Haber + Rachel
Phinnemore
Theories Before Darwin
• Religious Belief:
• God created the
world a few
thousand years
ago
• All living organisms
had been placed in
the proper order by
god(6)
Religion vs Evolution
Scientific Theories before
Darwin
• Georges Leclerc
• Histoire Naturelle
• Species change
over time(3)
• Earth was older
than 6000 years(3)
Scientific Theories before
Darwin
• Georges Curvier
• Paleontology: the study of
ancient life by examining
fossils(3)
• Catastrophism: Catastrophes
(eg. Floods, disease)
periodically destroyed species
in a particular region allowing
near by species to repopulate
the area.(3)
Scientific theories before Darwin
• Charles Lyell
• Uniformitarianism:
geological processes
operated at the same
rates in the past as they
do today. (3)
• Proposed the idea of
inheritance of acquired
characteristics(3)
Comparison
George Curvier
Charles Lyell
Catastrophism: brief violent disasters
that result in change
Uniformitarianism: slow continuous
cycle of change
Scientific Theories before
Darwin
• Jean-Baptiste-Lamarck
• Philosophie Zoologique
• Inheritance of
acquired
characteristics:
characteristics
acquired in ones
lifetime are passed on
to their offspring(3)
Scientific Theories before
Darwin
• Thomas Malthus
• Principles of Populations
• Populations produce far
more offspring than their
environment could
support.
• Part of the population is
reduced through disease
or starvation.(3)
Charles Robert Darwin
• February 12th 1809- April 19th 1882
• 1831- Darwin left England on a five year
trip on the HMS Beagle(8)
Main Theories + Published
Works
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•
•
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Natural Selection
Descent through modification
Evolution by natural selection(1)
The Voyage of the Beagle
On the origin of species
Total of 25 books
Voyage – Darwin’s Discoveries
Observation
Questions
Similar animals and plants on each
continent but with distinct structural
differences (3)(2)(9)
If all organisms originated at the same
time, why were there noticeable clumps
of similar organisms in different
regions?
Theory of Descent through Modification:
All organisms descended from a common
ancestor by the continuous process of
branching
Voyage – 2nd Observation
Observation
Question
Living animals had some changes but
still resembled the extinct ones.(3)(11)(9)
How could similar living and extinct
organisms be found in the same area?
Theory of Natural Selection:
Individual with favorable or unfavorable traits
reproduce more or less.
Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection:
Individuals with greater fitness will have more
offspring.
Voyage - 3rd Observation
Observation
Question
Animals on Galapagos Islands were
very similar to those on the west coast
of South America(3)(7)
How come the Galapagos species
closely resembled species on the coast
of South America?
Theory of Descent through Modification:
All organisms descended from a common
ancestor by a continuous process of
branching.
Voyage - 4th Observation
Observation
Question
Finches seemed identical, but varied
between islands. 10 different species
occurred on one island. Each species
had adapted its beak to eat a specific
type of food.
Why was the species diversity so large
in such a tiny area? Did they all
originate from one type of finch?
Theory of Descent through Modification:
All organisms descended from a common
ancestor by a continuous process of
Darwin’s Finches
Darwin’s Finches
Summary of Darwin’s Theories
• Origin of Species
1) Organism’s produce more offspring than can
survive.
2) Individuals of a population vary and the variation
is heritable
3) Individuals who better adapted to local conditions
survive and produce more offspring.
4) Processes of change are slow and gradual. (3)
Key Terms
• Biological Fitness:
• An individual’s
contribution to the
gene pool of the next
generation by
producing offspring
that will survive and
reproduce.(3)
Key Terms
• Selective Pressure:
• Environmental
characteristics that
select for and against
specific characteristics
in individuals.(3)
Peppered Moth- Industrial
Revolution
Key Terms
• Evolution: the process of genetic change
in a population over time.
• Survival of the fittest: organisms that are
the fittest leave the most offspring; these
organisms win the struggle for survival.
Modern Application
Why women are too tall and men are too short – Atlantic Magazine
By: Lindsay Abrams
Height and Selective Pressure
Shorter Women
+ Biological Fitness
More Offspring
Average Men
+ Biological Fitness
More Offspring
Average + Tall Women - Biological Fitness
Less Offspring
Short + Tall Men
Less Offspring
- Biological Fitness
Conclusion: The ideal height for biological fitness is different for men
and women, preventing each sex from achieving their sex specific
biological fitness. It also explains why height variation exists.
Modern Application
Hormones and Selective Pressure
Masculine Siblings
-Brothers
++ Biological Fitness More Offspring
-Sisters
-/0 Biological Fitness Less/None Offspring
Feminine Siblings
-Brothers
-/0 Biological Fitness Less/None Offspring
-Sisters
++ Biological Fitness More Offspring
Conclusion: This theory has been suggested to explain why
homosexuality exists in a population. In siblings, the genes that
make one sex less biologically fit increases the biological fitness of
the other sex.
Bibliography
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<http://www.aboutdarwin.com/>.
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Nash, Stephen. "Christ's College Cambridge." Christ's College Cambridge. n. page. Web.
21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200/pages/index.php?page_id=c8>.
Abrams, Lindsay. "Atlantic Magazine." Atlantic Magazine. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012.
http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/11/why-women-are-too-tall-and-men-are-