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Transcript
Charles Darwin + Natural Selection Sophie Haber + Rachel Phinnemore Theories Before Darwin • Religious Belief: • God created the world a few thousand years ago • All living organisms had been placed in the proper order by god(6) Religion vs Evolution Scientific Theories before Darwin • Georges Leclerc • Histoire Naturelle • Species change over time(3) • Earth was older than 6000 years(3) Scientific Theories before Darwin • Georges Curvier • Paleontology: the study of ancient life by examining fossils(3) • Catastrophism: Catastrophes (eg. Floods, disease) periodically destroyed species in a particular region allowing near by species to repopulate the area.(3) Scientific theories before Darwin • Charles Lyell • Uniformitarianism: geological processes operated at the same rates in the past as they do today. (3) • Proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics(3) Comparison George Curvier Charles Lyell Catastrophism: brief violent disasters that result in change Uniformitarianism: slow continuous cycle of change Scientific Theories before Darwin • Jean-Baptiste-Lamarck • Philosophie Zoologique • Inheritance of acquired characteristics: characteristics acquired in ones lifetime are passed on to their offspring(3) Scientific Theories before Darwin • Thomas Malthus • Principles of Populations • Populations produce far more offspring than their environment could support. • Part of the population is reduced through disease or starvation.(3) Charles Robert Darwin • February 12th 1809- April 19th 1882 • 1831- Darwin left England on a five year trip on the HMS Beagle(8) Main Theories + Published Works • • • • • • Natural Selection Descent through modification Evolution by natural selection(1) The Voyage of the Beagle On the origin of species Total of 25 books Voyage – Darwin’s Discoveries Observation Questions Similar animals and plants on each continent but with distinct structural differences (3)(2)(9) If all organisms originated at the same time, why were there noticeable clumps of similar organisms in different regions? Theory of Descent through Modification: All organisms descended from a common ancestor by the continuous process of branching Voyage – 2nd Observation Observation Question Living animals had some changes but still resembled the extinct ones.(3)(11)(9) How could similar living and extinct organisms be found in the same area? Theory of Natural Selection: Individual with favorable or unfavorable traits reproduce more or less. Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: Individuals with greater fitness will have more offspring. Voyage - 3rd Observation Observation Question Animals on Galapagos Islands were very similar to those on the west coast of South America(3)(7) How come the Galapagos species closely resembled species on the coast of South America? Theory of Descent through Modification: All organisms descended from a common ancestor by a continuous process of branching. Voyage - 4th Observation Observation Question Finches seemed identical, but varied between islands. 10 different species occurred on one island. Each species had adapted its beak to eat a specific type of food. Why was the species diversity so large in such a tiny area? Did they all originate from one type of finch? Theory of Descent through Modification: All organisms descended from a common ancestor by a continuous process of Darwin’s Finches Darwin’s Finches Summary of Darwin’s Theories • Origin of Species 1) Organism’s produce more offspring than can survive. 2) Individuals of a population vary and the variation is heritable 3) Individuals who better adapted to local conditions survive and produce more offspring. 4) Processes of change are slow and gradual. (3) Key Terms • Biological Fitness: • An individual’s contribution to the gene pool of the next generation by producing offspring that will survive and reproduce.(3) Key Terms • Selective Pressure: • Environmental characteristics that select for and against specific characteristics in individuals.(3) Peppered Moth- Industrial Revolution Key Terms • Evolution: the process of genetic change in a population over time. • Survival of the fittest: organisms that are the fittest leave the most offspring; these organisms win the struggle for survival. Modern Application Why women are too tall and men are too short – Atlantic Magazine By: Lindsay Abrams Height and Selective Pressure Shorter Women + Biological Fitness More Offspring Average Men + Biological Fitness More Offspring Average + Tall Women - Biological Fitness Less Offspring Short + Tall Men Less Offspring - Biological Fitness Conclusion: The ideal height for biological fitness is different for men and women, preventing each sex from achieving their sex specific biological fitness. It also explains why height variation exists. Modern Application Hormones and Selective Pressure Masculine Siblings -Brothers ++ Biological Fitness More Offspring -Sisters -/0 Biological Fitness Less/None Offspring Feminine Siblings -Brothers -/0 Biological Fitness Less/None Offspring -Sisters ++ Biological Fitness More Offspring Conclusion: This theory has been suggested to explain why homosexuality exists in a population. In siblings, the genes that make one sex less biologically fit increases the biological fitness of the other sex. Bibliography 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 n. page. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. <http://www.aboutdarwin.com/>. "Understanding Evolution." Understanding Evolution. n. page. Print. <http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_25>. Biology 11. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2010. Print. perf. "Charles Darwin Evolution Song." Horrible Histories. itsmattymattymatty, 10 2012. web. 21 Nov 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt2gHpqfZNA>. perf. "Evolution vs. Creationism(funny)." The Big Bang Theory. kubush, 9 2010. web. 21 Nov 2012. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OL5yplRHE9g>. Landow, George. "The Victorian Web." Victorian Web. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.victorianweb.org/science/darwin/darwin2.html>. "Stange Science." Stange Science. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.strangescience.net/lyell.htm>. "About Darwin." About Darwin. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.aboutdarwin.com/>. "Bio Web." Bio Web. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/912/evolution/HTML/theory.html>. "Biology Online." Biology Online. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.biologyonline.org/articles/charles-darwin-origin.html>. Nash, Stephen. "Christ's College Cambridge." Christ's College Cambridge. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. <http://www.christs.cam.ac.uk/darwin200/pages/index.php?page_id=c8>. Abrams, Lindsay. "Atlantic Magazine." Atlantic Magazine. n. page. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. http://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2012/11/why-women-are-too-tall-and-men-are-