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Transcript
Why should you care? What is Science? What is Biology? What is Life? Evolution – What does this major theory say? Introduction to Biology Prologue: The Molecular Perspective Bio 391 Biology in Your World Biology is believed to be the most influential science of the 21st century What are some of the ways biology impacts your life now? In the future? But, just because we can…should we? Ethics and Biology Using Knowledge Wisely Ethics – a system of moral principles to distinguish right from wrong What are your ethics based upon? Public Policy – laws and regulations that govern how science is applied What role do you play in deciding public policy? Ethics in Biology Stem cells in research/treatment Prenatal genetic testing for diseases Genetic testing for susceptibility Biotechnology for altering self or offspring Genetically modified (GM) food What are some others? Science as a way of Knowing If you are a thinker, you question things you observe and may not understand and you try to find an answer. There are many ways to find these answers. If you are a scientific thinker you find your answer using the scientific method. Example: Why is the sky blue? What is science? An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world The body of knowledge that scientists have accumulated over time It is not based on belief or faith, magic, or legend but on actual evidence. It is concerned with the natural world, not the supernatural world This is pseudoscience Important Scientific Skills Observing – process of gathering information using your senses in a careful, orderly way Inferencing – making a logical interpretation based on prior knowledge or experience Example… The Scientific Process Analyzes problems through TESTS Hypothesis – explanation of observations that are testable through experimentation or observation. “If….then” Theory – a repeatedly tested hypothesis that accurately explains observations and predicts future occurrences. Laws – widely accepted and repeatedly tested theories Can you name any? Good Scientists…. Are skeptics: they question existing ideas and new hypotheses Are open-minded: they are always willing to consider new ideas when evidence demands it Rely on basic natural laws: they understand that the universe functions as a system of interacting processes Repeat experiments: through an immense amount of research a certain hypothesis might become so wellsupported that scientists consider it a theory Keep up with new knowledge gained through research: they continually revise and re-evaluate ideas. NOTHING IS “FACT” What is Life? A fundamental scientific question What is the difference between you and your desk? Is a fallen apple alive? “Life is Organized” Atoms C,H,O,N,P,S Molecules Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Species Population Community Ecosystem Biome Ex: Tundra, desert, temperate forest Biosphere How did life begin? The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis (1920s) Verified by Miller-Urey (1953) Built an apparatus to mimic early earth: Reducing atmosphere; methane, ammonia, hydrogen Boiled water, shocked it, cooled it Atoms bumped together & formed hydrocarbons and amino acids! Early Life Everything is just a bunch of atoms Life began in the sea Oxygen was not used for respiration How did Oxygen become plentiful? Evolutionary tree Classification system Classification Biologists group organisms to show similarities and proposed relationships. Based on the Theory of Evolution Descent with Modification Classification systems change with expanding knowledge about new and well-known organisms Kingdoms and Domains Three Domain System (based on rRNA evidence) Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Six Kingdom System (based on rRNA evidence) Bacteria Archaea Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Traditional Five Kingdom System Monera Protista Plantae Fungi Animalia Humans = .00009% Living things… Are made up of units called CELLS Are based on a universal GENETIC code REPRODUCE GROW and DEVELOP CHANGE over time (evolve) Obtain & Use Materials and ENERGY Maintain an Internal BALANCE RESPOND to their Environment EVOLVE Why does a duck have a rounded bill and a heron have a long pointed bill? All organisms are uniquely adapted for their environments. Scientists know that over long periods of time organisms have changed or adapted to better survive in their environments. They call this slow process of change evolution. Natural Selection: Those best adapted survive and reproduce. Life BEGINS… CELLS with DNA are passed on through REPRODUCTION An organism GROWS and DEVELOPS to an age where it can REPRODUCE. Over time, subtle changes are introduced through mutation of DNA. These ‘s are selected for, leading to EVOLUTION of a population. Recap How do the 8 characteristics of life apply to you? What Kingdom do we belong to? What is a theory? What is ethics? A Mechanism for Evolution: Science at Work P.5: The formulation of a Theory Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744 – 1829) Organisms change over time by using or not using certain features. These acquired characteristics are then passed onto offspring “Use or Disuse” “If a male and a female increase the size of their muscles through weight training, then their children will be born with large muscles.” Was Lamarck right? Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) A naturalist on a 5-year voyage of the Beagle around the world Observed numerous, diverse organisms Influenced by the geologists, Charles Lyell (1797-1875) and James Hutton, who proposed uniformitarianism Geological forces existing in the past are similar to the forces of today and in the future Proposed the mechanism of evolution Natural Selection Theory of Natural Selection Organism best suited (specific traits/characteristics) for the environment would survive and reproduce. The suitable traits would be passed on to their offspring. The specific traits or characteristics are called adaptations Is this how Evolution works? Survival of the Fittest Thomas Malthus (economist) noticed that species numbers exceed food supply In order to pass on characteristics, an organism must eat enough to live to reproduce. Ultimately, the only organisms alive are those with beneficial adaptations What are some adaptations? Darwin’s Predictions If organisms with favorable variations are most likely to survive and reproduce, then those organisms with unfavorable variations would be less successful at reproduction and die out. If organisms with those favorable adaptations become so different from members of the original species that they can no longer reproduce together, then a new species may have evolved. Was Darwin Right? ________ Experiments repeatedly show same results Descent with Modification – related organisms share a common ancestor The greater the similarity between two groups of organisms, the closer their relationship How is this studied today? Recap What is the difference between Lamarck and Darwin’s ideas? (use an example) Give an example of an adaptation What is uniformitarianism? What makes a theory different than a hypothesis? Other Accepted Theories Cell Theory: All organisms are composed of one or more cells, and those cells have arisen from pre-existing cells Gene Theory: The Central Dogma that DNA RNA proteins. DNA is inherited and expressed as protein traits. Homeostasis: maintenance of a constant/dynamic equilibrium