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Transcript
Principles of Evolution Chapter 10 Evolution Process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors A gradual change in species over generations in response to changes in the environment Darwin’s theory was a result of many years of study, and required the expertise of many scientists to further explain observations he made during his mid twenties Naturalists who’s thinking set the stage for the development of Charles Darwin’s theory Erasmus Darwin Charles grandfather, doctor and poet published in 1796 – all living things were descended from a common ancestor – that complex life rose from simple life. “A fool you know, is a man who never tried an experiment in his life” Jean Baptiste Lamarck In 1809 he published Philosophie Zoologique A 'tendency to perfection', an innate quality of nature that organisms constantly 'improved' by successive generation Inheritance of acquired traits, physical changes could be inherited and driven by environmental change Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Traits Modifications acquired during one’s lifetime are inherited by the next generation implies that the organism itself can control the direction of change Lamarck also believed species never went extinct, although they may change into newer forms How Geology set the stage Catastrophism Catastrophic events were responsible for mass extinctions Gradualism Change is a result of small steps over long periods of time Charles Lyell Principles of Geology Uniformitarianism: processes that alter the Earth are uniform through long periods of time The processes are still at work today This theory expanded upon gradualism and eventually replaced catastrophism as the favored geological theory yell Lyell met with Charles Darwin frequently to discuss Darwin’s theory “On the Origins of Species” Alfred Wallace (1823-1913) English Naturalist Studied the Amazon Rainforest Wrote several letters to Darwin Came about with the same theory at about the same time Thomas Malthus British economist 1766-1834 Food, water, and shelter are natural limits to population growth. population left unchecked will outstrip man's ability to live on this planet The Theory of Evolution by means of Natural Selection Charles Darwin (1809-1882) English Naturalist HMS Beagle age 22 ship's naturalist 5 year voyage 1831-1836 Published the book “Origin of Species” in 1859 The Voyage of the HMS Beagle The Theory of Natural Selection Variations are based on natural selection Overproduction leads to competition Adaptation- certain variations can allow an organism to survive better “Survival of the Fittest” Natural selection acts on phenotype “Nothing in biology makes sense, except in the light of evolution” Theodosius Dobzhansky geneticist Natural Selection in Action The Peppered Moth Evidence of Evolution I. The fossil recordepisodic speciation, mass extinction II. Geographical distribution of species III. Embryology- compare embryo development to determine lineage IV. Anatomical Evidence I. Homologous Structures- II. Analogous Structures III. Vestigial Organ- serves no useful purpose How a fossil forms Mass extinction 25-70% of species wiped out 5 4 3 Generally followed by a period of adaptive radiation 2 1 Biogeography The geographical distribution of living things Plant Biogeography Animal Biogeography Comparative Embryology Similar in structure but appear different and have different functions Shared common ancestor Homologous & Analogous Body structures Perform similar function but not common ancestor Vestigial Structures remnant of early ancestor Comparative DNA analysis