Download Evolution Powerpoint

5. Evolution and Biodiversity
• Central Concepts: Evolution is the result
of genetic changes that occur in constantly
changing environments. Over many
generations, changes in the genetic makeup of populations may affect biodiversity
through speciation and extinction.
• 5.1 Explain how evolution is demonstrated
by evidence from the fossil record,
comparative anatomy, genetics, molecular
biology, and examples of natural selection.
Chapter 15-1 The Puzzle of Life’s
Diversity
• 1809 _______________ – Father of Evolution.
Naturalist from England. Sailed on the surveying
ship HMS Beagle and traveled to various lands.
• During his travels, Darwin made numerous
observations and collected evidence that led him
to propose ______________________________
_______________________________________.
Darwin’s Observations

______________________ – organisms seemed well
suited to their environment! There were SO many different
types of similar organisms (68 different types of beetles in the
Brazilian rainforest). Was there such way that leads to variety.
Why were certain types or organisms only found in certain
areas? How were they so well suited for their environment?

______________________ – Darwin collected the
preserved remains of ancient organisms from many places
(fossils). Why have so many species disappeared and how were
they related to living things.

______________________ – One of the most influential
places - off the coast of S. America. They were close together –
they have very different climates very different organisms (from
hot, dry  nearly barren; lots of plants  few plants).
 __________ – 16 different types of birds – differed in
color and beak shape (based on what they ate.
o ___________ – varied from one island to another.
Darwin observed that the characteristics of many
animals and plants varied noticeably among the different
islands of the Galapagos
15-3 Darwin Presents His Case
• Darwin put his thoughts and evidences into a book (title above).
• Inherited variation and artificial selection
• __________________________ – nature provided variation, and
human selected those variations that they found useful. Horse/dog
breeders; farm animals (breed the best ones – not the worst)
• __________________________ – process by which individuals that
are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most
successfully (survival of the fittest)
  Fitness – _______________________________________
  Adaptation – ___________________________________
• _____________________________________________________.
  Descent with modification – ________________________
• _____________________________________________________,
establish different niches, or occupy different habitats. (that’s why they
look different from their ancestors)
_____________________
______________________
• Darwin argued that living things have been
evolving on earth for millions of years.
FOSSILS
• __________________________________
• fossils lower in rocks and mountains are
older than those in higher areas. They also
show that organisms changed a LOT over
time. Gaps remain in the fossil record.
HOMOLOGOUS BODY
STRUCTURES
_______________________________
__________________________________.
Comparative Anatomy: Provide evidence
that all four-limbed vertebrates have
descended with modifications from
common ancestors.
VESTIGIAL ORGANS
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________
• ___________________________________.
It may not affect an organisms ability to
survive and reproduce, so natural selection
did not eliminate the organ
EMBRYOLOGY
_______________________________
__________________________________
_______________________________
4 Evidences for Evolution
•
•
•
•
1_______________________________
2_______________________________
3_______________________________
4_______________________________
DARWINS THEORY
1. Individual organisms differ, some
variation is heritable
2. organisms produce more organisms than
survive
3. Organisms compete for limited resources
4. Most fit organisms survive
5. species alive today are descended with
modification
17-1 The Fossil Record
• Paleontologists: ____________________
___________________________________
• The fossil record provides evidence about
the history of life on Earth. It also shows
how different groups of organisms,
including species, have changed over time.
• ____________ of anything that was ever
living on this earth is now extinct.
• Most fossils form in ________________
________, as shown in the figure at right.
Sedimentary rock is formed when exposure
to rain, heat, wind, and cold breaks down
existing rock into small particles of sand,
silt, and clay.
• In __________________________, the age of a fossil is
determined by comparing its placement with that of
fossils in other layers of rock, as shown in the figure at
right. Recall that sedimentary rock is formed from the
gradual deposition of layers of sand, rock, and other types
of sediment. The rock layers form in order by age—the
oldest layers on the bottom, with more recent layers on
top, closer to Earth's surface.
• Relative dating allows paleontologists to estimate a
fossil's age compared with that of other fossils.
• 5.2
Describe species as
reproductively distinct groups of
organisms. Recognize that species
are further classified into a
hierarchical taxonomic system
(kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species) based on
morphological, behavioral, and
molecular similarities. Describe the
role that geographic isolation can
play in speciation.
SECTION 18-1 Finding Order in
Diversity
• SCIENTISTS HAVE IDENTIFIED MORE THAN ____________
_______________________ OF ORGANISMS ON EARTH, BUT
ESTIMATE 40 MILLION SPECIES INHABIT THE EARTH.
 
A Universal System is necessary to have clear communication
among scientists worldwide. A system that required an International
System for Classifying and Naming all organisms.
 
2,000 years ago Greek philosopher ___________________
classified things as either Plant or Animal and then as land dwellers,
water dwellers and animal dwellers.
 
Scientists found that Using __________________________,
such as robin or fir tree, for an organism presented its own
problems; common names varied from on locale to the next and
common Names May Not describe species accurately.
 
__________________________ in the mid-1700s, Swedish
Biologist established a simple system for classifying and naming
organisms (taxology). He developed a Hierarchy for classifying
organisms based on __________________________ (using what it
looks like to categorize it)
Today we have SEVEN LEVELS OF
CLASSIFICATION:
•
A. __________________ (largest classification)
B. __________________
C. __________________
D. __________________
E. __________________
F. __________________
G. __________________ (smallest classification)
KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GRAPE SODA.
  __________________________________ is a 2 name
system based on the organims’s genus and species.
•
• SAMPLE: Acer rubrum - RED MAPLE TREE
•
Acer is the Latin name for Maple (genus)
•
rubrum is the Latin word for Red (species)
•
OR THE NAME CAN BE ABBREVIATED AS:
A. rubrum.
•
HUMANS ARE NAMED: Homo sapiens
•
Homo because of our large brain and upright posture.
sapiens because of our intelligence and ability to
speak.
CHAPTER 18-2 Modern
Evolutionary Classification
• When placing an organism into a Taxonomic
Category, Modern Taxonomists May consider its:
• _______________________ (what it looks
like)
• _______________________
• ______________________________________
• _______________________
• _____________________________________
SECTION 18-3, Kingdoms
and Domains
Currently we have a 6 kingdom classification system
• THE SIX-KINGDOM SYSTEM
• 5.3 Explain how evolution through
natural selection can result in
changes in biodiversity through the
increase or decrease of genetic
diversity within a population.
16-3 The process of speciation
• Factors such as natural selection and
chance events can change the relative
frequencies of alleles in a population. But
how do these changes lead to the formation
of new species, or speciation?
• NATURAL SELECTION:
ISOLATING MECHANISMS:
1. ______________________________: As new species
evolve, populations become reproductively isolated
from each other and can no longer produce fertile
offspring.
2. ______________________________: when two
populations are capable of interbreeding, but have
differences in courtship rituals or reproductive strategies
that involve behavior.
3. ______________________________: two populations
are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers,
mountains or bodies of water.
4. ______________________________: two or more
species reproduce at different times.
17-4
PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
• PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION
• Six important topics in macroevolution are
1. ____________________________: 99.9% of all species ever on this
earth are now extinct. Mass extinction. (most extinctions today are
due to human activity)
2. ____________________________: a single species or small group
have evolved into different forms that live in different ways. Ex.
FINCHES, homologous structures
3. ___________________________________:
Unrelated organism come to resemble one
another. Ex. Dolphin/sharks
4. _________________________: process by which
2 species are closely connected to one another
by ecological interactions evolve together. Ex.
Plants and plant eating insects
5. ____________________________: some
groups of organism have evolved rapidly
after a mass extinction