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Evolution; Chapter 5
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle, E. Darwin, Lamarck, Paley
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
Origin of Species (1859)
Branching Descent (with modification)
Natural Selection
C. More Evidence
D. Creationism controversy
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deductions
animal phyla
animal kingdom
Evolution; Chapter 5
What is evolution?
“process of lasting change among biological populations”
Evolution; Chapter 5
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
“chain of being”
Larmark
(1809) parade of nature
adaptations (environment)
use/disuse
inheritance of acquired characteristics
Humans
Viviparous quadripeds
Birds
Oviparous quadripeds
Whales and dolphins
Fish
Squid and octopi
Lobsters and crabs
Snails, clams, etc.
Insects, spiders, etc.
Jellyfish, sponges, etc.
Higher plants
Lower plants
Inanimate matter
OBSERVATIONS:
There are lots of different organisms.
Many have remarkable adaptations.
Many have similarities
There are many differences
WHY?
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
Darwin, E
(d. 1802)
change
Believed that individuals could change.
We are each slightly different than our parents.
Thought individuals could pass traits to children.
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
Darwin, E
(d. 1802)
change
Believed that individuals could change.
We are each slightly different than our parents.
Thought individuals could pass traits to children.
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
Darwin, E
(d. 1802)
Larmarck
(1809) parade of nature
change
adaptations (to environment)
use/disuse
inheritance of acquired characteristics
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
Darwin, E
(d. 1802)
Larmarck
(1809) parade of nature
change
adaptations (to environment)
e.g., domesticated animals
(environmental determinist)
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
Darwin, E
(d. 1802)
Larmarck
(1809) parade of nature
change
adaptations (to environment)
use/disuse
inheritance of acquired characteristics
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
Darwin, E
(d. 1802)
Larmarck
(1809) parade of nature
change
adaptations (to environment)
use/disuse
inheritance of acquired characteristics
A. Pre-Darwin
Aristotle
(d. 322 BC) ladder of nature
Darwin, E
(d. 1802)
Larmarck
(1809) parade of nature
change
“Larmarck made the chain of being
into a moving escalator which he called
Nature’s Parade. The lowest forms of life, such
as bacteria, formed by spontaneous generation
from lifeless matter, and each species would
slowly change (i.e., evolve) into the next higher
species on the scale, without ever leaving any
gaps”
Chapter 5 supplement: Scala Natura
There are lots of different organisms.
Many have remarkable adaptations.
Many have similarities
There are many differences
WHY?
Evolution; Chapter 5
A. Pre-Darwin
Larmark
acquired characteristics
Paley
Natural Theology (1802)
Sought to prove the existence of
God by examining nature
Organisms have remarkable
adaptations because they were
“designed” (created) that way
Evolution; Chapter 5
A. Pre-Darwin
Larmarck
acquired characteristics
Paley
Natural Theology
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
Origin of Species (1859)
Branching Descent (with modification)
Natural Selection
C. Evidence
D. Creationism controversy
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
branching descent
(with modification)
and
natural selection
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
branching descent
and
(with modification)
Species alive today came
from different species that
lived in earlier times
natural selection
fig. 5-1
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
branching descent
and
natural selection
(with modification)
parents with genotypes that favor
survival and reproduction leave more
offspring than parents with less favorable
genotypes
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859)
branching descent
M&M’s
and
natural selection
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
Origin of Species (1859)
Branching Descent (with modification)
Natural Selection
How did Darwin get to this point?
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle (1831 to 1836)
Origin of Species (1859)
Branching Descent (with modification)
Natural Selection
How did Darwin get to this point?
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
5 year voyage around the world as naturalist
Collected specimens and made observations
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
5 year voyage around the world as naturalist
Collected specimens and made observations
Different animals lived in different places
fig 5-2
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
5 year voyage around the world as naturalist
Collected specimens and made observations
Different animals lived in different places
(even when in the similar environments)
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
5 year voyage around the world as naturalist
Collected specimens and made observations
Galapagos Islands
(South America)
different
from
Cape Verde Islands
(Africa)
Each Island group was colonized from nearby mainland
Descent with modification led to differences
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
Origin of Species (1859)
Descent with modification
Natural Selection
C. More Evidence
D. Creationism controversy
Return to England (1836)
British farmers
artificial selection
Breeding the individuals with the most desired traits
in each generation with each other, “improves” the
(positive eugenics)
species.
more milk, more wool,
different varieties of dogs, pigeons …
pigeons
Thomas Malthus (1798)
•In nature, populations stay constant.
•Each species produces more offspring than necessary to
maintain its numbers (so some die prematurely)
•Food supply is constant
Therefore, there must be competition.
“Can we doubt…that individuals having any advantage,
however slight, over others would have the best chance of
surviving and procreating their kind? On the other hand, we
may feel sure that any variation in the least degree injurious
would be rigidly destroyed. This preservation of favorable
conditions I call Natural Selection.” (Darwin)
A. Pre-Darwin
Larmarck
acquired characteristics
Paley
Natural Theology
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
Origin of Species (1859)
Descent with modification
Natural Selection
C. Evidence
D. Creationism controversy
C.
Evidence
Mimicry
fig 5-4
C.
Evidence
Industrial Melanism
Moths (light and dark varieties) live on trees
Lichens (light color) also grew on tree trunks
Easy to see dark moths but not light ones.
C.
Evidence
Industrial Melanism
Moths (light and dark varieties) live on trees
Lichens (light color) also grew on tree trunks
Easy to see dark moths but not light ones.
C.
Evidence
Industrial Melanism
Moths (light and dark varieties) live on trees
Lichens (light color) also grew on tree trunks
Easy to see dark moths but not light ones.
C.
Evidence
Industrial Melanism
Moths (light and dark varieties) live on trees
Lichens (light color) also grew on tree trunks
Factories (industrial revolution) polluted areas downwind
C.
Evidence
Industrial Melanism
Moths (light and dark varieties) live on trees
Lichens (light color) also grew on tree trunks
Factories (industrial revolution) polluted areas downwind
Pollution killed lichens and soot darkened the trees
fig 5-5
C.
Evidence
Homology
limb skeleton
embryos
fig 5-6
C.
Evidence
Homology
embryology
embryos
C.
Evidence
Vestigial structures
coccygeal vertebra
on skeleton
C.
Evidence
Fossils
fig 5-9
C.
Evidence
Fossils
fig 5-10
C.
`
Evidence
Post-Darwin
Modern synthesis:
More complex than just “who
survives to reproduce”
Genetic drift
Punctuated equilibrium
A. Pre-Darwin
Larmarck
acquired characteristics
Paley
Natural Theology
B. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Journey on H.M.S Beagle
Origin of Species (1859)
Descent with modification
Natural Selection
C. Evidence
D. Creationism controversy
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
“Can we doubt…that individuals having any
advantage, however slight, over others would
have the best chance of surviving and
procreating their kind? On the other hand, we
may feel sure that any variation in the least
degree injurious would be rigidly destroyed.
This preservation of favorable conditions I call
Natural Selection.”
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Natural Selection
natural events “select” organisms in
such a way that the better adapted
individuals tend to survive and
reproduce.
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Hypothesis:
All living things have developed from a
common ancestor through the process
of natural selection.
descent with modification
natural selection
fig 5-1
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Hypothesis:
All living things have developed from a
common ancestor through the process
of natural selection.
descent with modification
natural selection
Deductions:
1. If the hypothesis of evolution is true,
then there must be variation among
individuals within a species.
labybug variation
Deductions:
1. If the hypothesis of evolution is true,
then there must be variation among
individuals within a species.
artificial selection -
animal breeding
plant breeding
e.g., pigeons
Deductions:
2.
If the hypothesis is true,
then more offspring have to be born
than survive.
Deductions:
2.
If the hypothesis is true,
then more offspring have to be born
than survive.
Elephantslive for 90 years
have 6 offspring
after 500 years…….
Deductions:
3. If the hypothesis of evolution is true,
then there must be a difference
between the offspring that survive and
reproduce and those that don’t.
Industrial melanism
Deductions:
3. If the hypothesis of evolution is true,
then there must be a difference
between the offspring that survive and
reproduce and those that don’t.
Industrial melanism
pesticide resistance
super-bacteria
Deductions:
4. If the hypothesis of evolution is true,
then species alive today should be
different from species of the past.
Deductions:
5. If the hypothesis of evolution is true,
then it must be possible to demonstrate
the slow change of one species to
another.
salamanders in California mountains
Deductions:
6. If the hypothesis of evolution is true,
then there should be connecting forms
between major groups.
birds
mammals
reptiles
amphibians
birds
mammals
reptiles
amphibians
Hypothesis:
All living things have developed
from a common ancestor
through the process of natural
selection.
We have examined 6 deductions
made from our original hypothesis
The theory depends on:
•individual variation
•natural selection
Science is:
• a ongoing process
• a way of knowing and investigating the
physical world
• based on observation and
experimentation and reproducibility
• hypothesis testing
• involves inductive and deductive
reasoning