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What is Evolution? • Variation exists in all populations • Variation is inherited • Evolution is heritable changes in a population over many generations. • Descent with modification • Evolution is change in allelic frequency Mechanisms of Evolution • Natural Selection (Darwinism) individuals with favorable variations (traits) better survive and reproduce. • The genes (inherited variation) of the successful individuals increase in frequency in subsequent generations. • Survival of the fittest • Genetic Drift Evolutionary Theory does not: • Propose the origin of life. “There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being evolved.” • Charles Darwin, 1859, The Origin of Species • Specify a rate of evolution Points to Remember • Populations Evolve • Individuals do not • Mutations are random, selection is not • Populations adapt to new environments • Individuals acclimate Sahiwal Tharparkar Genotypic Frequencies of Indian Dairy Cattle AA = 0.031 AB = 0.276 BB = 0.693 AA = 0.023 AB = 0.733 BB = 0.244 What are the allelic frequencies of each breed? Allelic Frequencies of Indian Dairy Cattle A = 0.17 B = 0.83 A = 0.39 B = 0.61 What are the expected genotypic frequencies of each breed? Expected Genotypic Frequencies of Indian Dairy Cattle Expected AA = 0.029 AB = 0.282 BB = 0.689 Observed AA = 0.031 AB = 0.276 BB = 0.693 How do you interpret these results? Expected AA = 0.152 AB = 0.476 BB = 0.372 Observed AA = 0.023 AB = 0.733 BB = 0.244 How would test for significance? Observed Expected 2 2 Expected Degrees of freedom Probability, p 0.99 0.95 0.05 0.01 0.001 1 0.000 0.004 3.84 6.64 10.83 2 0.020 0.103 5.99 9.21 13.82