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AP BIOLOGY BIG IDEAS AP Biology BIG IDEA #1 • The process of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life. ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS • 1A – Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution. • 1B – Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry. • 1C – Life continues to evolve within a changing environment. • 1D – The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes. AP Biology Natural selection • Evolutionary change is a product of the process of natural selection AP Biology Organisms don’t adapt; Organisms have adaptations. Evolution explains unity & diversity • Unity o what do organisms have in common & why do similarities exist? • common biochemistry & physiology o evolutionary relationships o connected through common ancestor • Diversity o but why are there differences? • natural selection • adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments AP Biology "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution." -- Theodosius Dobzhansky March 1973 Geneticist, Columbia University (1900-1975) AP Biology BIG IDEA #2 • Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS • 2A – Growth, reproduction and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter. • 2B – Growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis require that cells create and maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments. • 2C – Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis. • 2D – Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment. • 2E – Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction and dynamic homeostasis include temporal regulation and coordination. AP Biology Energy transfer • Life is an open system o need input of energy • energy flows through o energy is captured and stored in molecules via photosynthesis o energy is released as heat and through cellular respiration o need input of materials • nutrients are recycled AP Biology DECOMPOSERS ENTROPY RULES! RULE, too! nutrients Energy utilization Homeostasis Growth Reproduction You think they’re eating… They’re harvesting energy! AP Biology Form follows function • The alignment of structure & function is seen at all levels of biology organism cell AP Biology organ organelle Membranes • Membranes separate the internal from external AND compartmentalize the internal environment. AP Biology Regulation • Organisms need to maintain a “steady state” in the face of changing conditions o maintain homeostasis o achieve this through feedback • monitor the body like a thermostat • turn on when it’s needed, off when its not AP Biology AP Biology Complex Interactions • From cells to ecosystems – all life is influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. o Life is universal • common biochemistry & physiology o Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration o Feedback loops o Life is diverse • natural selection • adaptations allow different individuals to survive in different environments AP Biology Timing • All life follows a tempo o There is a specific sequence of timing and coordination that allows for life to develop, grow and reproduce. AP Biology BIG IDEA #3 • Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes. ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS • 3A – Heritable information provides for continuity of life. • 3B – Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular mechanisms. • 3C – The processing of genetic information is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation. • 3D – Cells communicate by generating, transmitting and receiving chemical signals. • 3E – Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems. AP Biology Continuity & change • Continuity of life is based on heritable information in the form of DNA o DNA – the genetic material – carries biological information from one generation to the next You can make more, a lot like you! AP Biology T R A I T Communication AP Biology BIG IDEA #4 • Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties. ENDURING UNDERSTANDINGS • 4A – Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties. • 4B – Competition and cooperation are important aspects of biological systems. • 4C – Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological systems affects interactions with the environment. AP Biology Organization • Molecular Level o Monomers Polymers • Cellular Level o Nucleus, ribosomes, ER, Golgi App… • Organism Level o Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System • Ecological Level o Organism (individual), population, community, ecosystem AP Biology Interdependence • All parts of the whole are interdependent o Cell needs organelles… o Polymers needs monomers… o Populations need other populations in a community… AP Biology Organizing systems • Making sense out of the diversity • Hierarchical scheme Eastern gray squirrel AP Sciurus Biology carolinensis AP Biology