* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom
Molecular orbital wikipedia , lookup
Interpretations of quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Coherent states wikipedia , lookup
Quantum teleportation wikipedia , lookup
Geiger–Marsden experiment wikipedia , lookup
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy wikipedia , lookup
Quantum state wikipedia , lookup
Molecular Hamiltonian wikipedia , lookup
Renormalization wikipedia , lookup
Canonical quantization wikipedia , lookup
Symmetry in quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Hidden variable theory wikipedia , lookup
Dirac equation wikipedia , lookup
History of quantum field theory wikipedia , lookup
EPR paradox wikipedia , lookup
Bohr–Einstein debates wikipedia , lookup
Copenhagen interpretation wikipedia , lookup
Identical particles wikipedia , lookup
Schrödinger equation wikipedia , lookup
Wave function wikipedia , lookup
Introduction to gauge theory wikipedia , lookup
Probability amplitude wikipedia , lookup
Particle in a box wikipedia , lookup
Elementary particle wikipedia , lookup
Double-slit experiment wikipedia , lookup
Relativistic quantum mechanics wikipedia , lookup
Quantum electrodynamics wikipedia , lookup
Tight binding wikipedia , lookup
Atomic orbital wikipedia , lookup
Electron configuration wikipedia , lookup
Wave–particle duality wikipedia , lookup
Theoretical and experimental justification for the Schrödinger equation wikipedia , lookup
Hydrogen atom wikipedia , lookup
The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom = model in which e- are treated as having wave characteristics With Bohr’s model, so far we’ve been able to explain Atomic line spectra Energy states within the atom Still haven’t explained: What the e- is doing inside the atom Where the e- spend their time Complex line spectra of multi-e- atoms Wave-particle duality of Electrons Light has been regarded as having waveparticle duality. Waves: a continuous traveling disturbance Particles: discrete bundles Distinctions appear to break down on the atomic level. Louie de Broglie & Matter Waves 1923 h m If waves behave like particles, then particles should be able to behave like waves. The wavelength for particles should be: Where h = Planck’s constant, m = the mass of the particle υ = the speed of the particle Applying De Broglie equation: Calculate the wavelength of a 60-kg sprinter running at 10 m/s. Too small to be detected The wave character of e- led to useful application of electron microscope in 1933 Dust mites Erwin Schrödinger - Wave equation (1926) A wave theory and equations required to fully explain matter waves. Called psi An equation with 2 unknowns: E = allowed energy level of atom 𝞇 = wavefunction; a mathematical description of the electron H= the “hamiltonian”; not a variable, a set of mathematical instructions to be performed on 𝞇 Schrödinger equation Looks like Fun!!! • • Only certain Energy values will result in answers (wavefunctions), 𝞇 Plotting |𝞇2| enables us to “see” the electron orbital An atomic orbital can be visualized as a fuzzy cloud where the electron is most likely to be at a given energy level Orbitals: 𝞇2 for E 1 (n=1) plotted in 3-D Both are orbitals probability density probability surface (≥95% probability) A few notes: • 𝞇2 is large near the nucleus meaning e- most likely found in this region • Value of 𝞇2 decreases as distance form nucleus increases, but 𝞇2 never goes to zero probability of finding e- far from nucleus is small • Also means an atom doesn’t have a definite boundary, unlike the Bohr model Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - 1927 Werner Heisenberg It is impossible to determine simultaneously the exact position and momentum of a single atomic particle x mv > h/4 Uncertainty in position Uncertainty in momentum Planck’s constant (6.626 x 10-34 J s ) We cannot know the exact position of the electron; only where the electron is most likely to be. Quantum Numbers: A set of 4 quantum numbers give information about each orbital and each electron n, l, ml , ms Tell us the characteristics of the electron waveforms So, this picture we’ve learnt from grade 9 is no longer correct The most recent, accepted model of an atom looks like this Watch Quantum mechanic short clip A beautiful amalgamation of the quantum mechanical model of atom