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The Nature of Matter From Atoms to Bonds Atoms • Atoms=Basic unit of matter • Made up of three subatomic particles • Nucleus – Densest region of atom – Proton + • In Nucleus – Neutron • In Nucleus • Moving around nucleus – Electron • Surrounds Nucleus – In constant motion Proton • Has a positive charge • # of protons=Atomic Number – Ex: gold (Au) has an atomic # of 47 which means it has 47 protons. Neutron • Has a neutral charge • # of neutrons = Atomic Mass Atomic Number (#of protons) • Ex: gold (Au) has an atomic #of 79 and an atomic mass of 197. How many neutrons are in gold? – 197-79=118 neutrons Electron • Has a negative charge • # of protons= #of electrons • Balances out protons positive charge • In constant motion • Valence electrons are in outermost shell • Valence electrons determine the chemical nature of an atom • Smallest subatomic particle Elements • Made up of ONE type of atom • Ex: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and gold. • Basically, any element on the periodic table. Molecules • General definition: molecules are the smallest part of a compound. • Formed by combining 2 or more of the SAME atom or DIFFERENT atoms • Note: molecules are covalently bonded • Ex: H2, O2, N2 ,H20, C6H12O6 Compounds Water H20 • Made of molecules formed by different atoms. • Formed by COMBINING 2 Table Salt NaCl or more different elements in the same proportion. • Atom is to element AS molecule is to compound – Atom is the smallest unit of an element – Molecule is the smallest unit of a compound Chemical Bonds • Ionic Bonds • Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds • Formed when electrons TRANSFER from one atom to another. • When one atom loses an electron it gains a positive charge. – This atom is now called a cation. • When one atom gains an electron it becomes negative. – This atom is now called an anion. Covalent Bonds • Formed when electrons are SHARED between atoms. • When atoms join together by covalent (sharing) bonds, it is called a molecule. • Compounds are made up of molecules.