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BASIC CHEMISTRY Honors Biology Recall: Levels of Organization Biology Depends on Chemistry In our biosphere, everything is made of atoms Through the interaction of chemicals we can better understand our biosphere Give an example from what we have already done in Bio. THE ATOM 2 MAIN AREAS 1.NUCLEUS -center 2. ENERGY LEVELS -outer circle(s) THE ATOM 3 subatomic particles (small pieces of the atom) In the nucleus: 1. protons 2. neutrons In the energy levels: 3. electrons THE ELEMENT A substance containing only one type of atom is: ELEMENT CARBON ATOM PERIODIC TABLE All known elements are organized in the periodic table. The periodic table tells you information about each element Information about elements Elements are not charged, therefore electrons always equal protons. Atomic Numbernumber of protons in the atom Chemical Symbol Atomic Massnumber of protons and neutrons Find the following If the atomic number for H is 1: How many protons in H? If the atomic mass of H is 1: How many neutrons in H? How many electrons? Find the following The atomic number for O is 8. How many protons in O? How many electrons in O? The atomic mass of O is 16. How many neutrons in O? Draw an Oxygen atom. Show the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and the electrons in the energy level. Draw Nitrogen Draw Carbon Nitrogen atomic number: 7 atomic mass: 14 Carbon atomic number 6 atomic mass: 12 Molecules 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds THE COMPOUND A substance containing two different types of atoms is: CARBON ATOM OXYGEN ATOM COMPOUND All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds What compound is this? How many elements in each of the molecules below? How many atoms in each? CO2 - carbon dioxide H2O - water C6H12O6 - sugar (glucose) NaCl - salt O2 - oxygen (usable) Bonding IONIC BOND One atom gives an electron to another- this causes a charge in the atom Charged atoms are called ions. Bonding Atoms share electrons in order to fill the last energy level of each “co-” means share Strong Bonds! COVALENT BOND How many bonds can these make? *How many electrons are needed to fill the outer energy level? Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon Bonds these make Hydrogen - 1 Oxygen - 2 Nitrogen - 3 Carbon - 4 Chemical Bonds: Hydrogen Weak bond formed from the unequal sharing of electrons Slightly positive, slightly negative ends Importance to biology: critical to water’s properties, holds DNA together wh Chemical Reactions Synthesis Make a compound Ex: Photosynthesis Decomposition Break down a compound Ex: Cellular Respiration Both reactions important to biology: metabolism Chemical reactions are written like simple addition problems. H2 O3 H2 O + O2 Reactants (inputs): what goes in to the reaction H2 O3 Products (outputs): what comes out of the reaction H2 O + O2 The body is factory of chemicals Bonding takes place when chemicals react This is called a chemical reaction