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Global climate change, Biodiversity and sustainable
development
CLIMATE CHANGE
BIODIVERSITY AND
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Truong
Quang
Hoc§¹i
Truong Quang
Hoc
&
Vo
Thanh
Son
National University
Hanoi
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
1. Climate Change, Biodiversity – Overview at global
level
2. Current status of Climate Change, Biodiversity in
Vietnam
- Climate Change,
- Biodiversity
- Interactive relationship among Climate Change,
Biodiversity and Sustainable development
3. Recommendations
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AT
GLOBAL/NATIONAL SCALES
Strong impacts
Degradation of ozone
layer
Low impacts
Equal impacts
Climate
Change
Soil degradation and
desertification
ECONOMY
Biodiversity loss
aquatic
ecosystem
forest
ecosystem
SOCIETY
Strategies of some international conservation
organizations towards Sustainable Development
IUCN 2006 20010
Theory
PRESENT
To BE Achieved
Diagram of Sustainable Development at lowest
level
Composition of atmospheric components
:
Human impacts
- Energy
Carbon Dioxide CO2
- Industry
- Transport
- Agriculture
Methane CH4
- Forestry
- Daily activities
Nitrous Oxide NO2
Every day 60 million
tones of CO2 are
emitted to the
atmosphere
1000
year
2000
Source: IPCC 2001
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH HAS BEEN
INCREASING FOR THE PAST 200 YEARS
Temperature rose 0.6 0C compared with in the year of
1860
Source: IPCC 2001
CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH
6.0
Source: IPCC 2001
From the year of 1000
until 2100
1000
2100
Biodiversity and Conservation
What do we think
when compare these
two figures
CHANGED TREND IN PRECIPITATION PATTERNS
Source:
IPCC 2001
Sea level rise:
- 70-100 cm/100 year
- Rise of 1 m by 2100
TEN MILLIONS OF PEOPLE MUST MOVE AWAY WHEN
Sea level rise IS HIGH
Source: IPCC 2001
What’s about sea level rise?
Source: R. Nicholls, Middlesex University in the U.K. Meteorological
Office. 1997. Climate Change and Its Impacts: A Global Perspective.
INCREASE OF NATURAL CALAMITY
More rains
and heavier
Storms
Floods
Increased
flows of
surface water
Droughts
DECREASE IN WATER RESOURCES
1. Higher temperature, higher demand for water
2. Higher evaporation of surface water
3. Salt water intrusion
CONSEQUENSES OF Climate
Change
• Climate change has been changing global
environment and affecting every sector
and field
• It is forecasted that Vietnam is among
countries worst hit by Climate Change.
Biodiversity
 Biodiversity, valuable natural resource, does
exist only on our Earth, playing a huge role in
nature and human being’s life.
 However, due to many causes, biodiversity is
being degraded seriously.
- Ecosystems are disturbed and overexploited;
forest areas, especially natural forest are
shrunken at an alarming rate.
- The number of species going to extinct is
increasing.
CONSEQUENSES OF Biodiversity
loss
 Inevitable consequences are decrease or loss of
ecological functions of the ecosystems such as
- water regulation, prevention of soil erosion,
- disintegration of wastes, cleaning environment, ensuring natural circulation of materials and energy,
- mitigation of natural calamities or extreme
consequences of climate.
 And final consequence is recession of the economy
due to loss of natural and environmental resources,
especially in underdeveloped and developing
countries like Vietnam.
CURRENT STATUS IN VIETNAM
• Climate Change
• Biodiversity
• Interactive relationship between
Climate Change and Biodiversity
PROJECTED INCREASE IN
TEMPERATURE
Location
Southern
region
Northern
region
Year
Low
Average
High
2010
0.1
0.3
0.5
2070
0.4
1.5
3.0
2010
0.3
0.5
0.7
2070
1.2
2.5
4.5
Source: Climate change in Asia (ADB, 1994)
Table 2. Projected sea level rises (cm)
Year
Low
Average
High
2010
3
9
15
2070
15
45
90
Biodiversity
• Rich in biodiversity
• Ranked 16th among biodiversity-rich
countries (6.7% VN/TG)
Sao La
Mang Lín
Pseudoryx
nghetinhensis
Megamuntiacus
vuquangensis
Mang Trêng S¬n
Canimuntiacus
truongsonensis
Sõng Bß Sõng Xo¾n
Pseudonovibos
spiralis
Decrease in forest coverage
1909
72%
1943
43%
Land with forest
cover
Other land
1995
28%
• Impacts of
Biodiversity on
Climate Change
Table 4. basic scenarios on Green House
Gases (GHGs) until 2020 (tones of CO2)
1994
2010
2020
Energy
25.64
105.17
196.98
Forestry and
land use
19.38
- 21.70
- 28.40
Agriculture
52.45
57.20
64.70
Total
97.47
140.67
233.28
Sector
SHARES OF GHG EMISSION BY DIFFERENT
SECTORS
Table 5. GHGs emission from forest ecosystem and agricultural activities
Ecosystem
Activities
Rice cultivation
Types of GHGs
CH4
Total emission
CO2 (million
tones of)
(1994)
32.75
Animal husbandry
Agricultural
ecosystem
Food
CH4 , N2O
7.07
Waste
CH4
2,71
Agricultural land
N2O
8,06
CH4 , N2O ,
CO2
1,86
Increased biomass
(increased areas of
plantation and regeneration
forest)
-CO2
-50,32
Conversion of land use
purposes
CO2
56,72
Forest fire
CO2
?
Slash and burn cultivation
Forest
ecosystem
impacts OF Climate Change ON
Biodiversity
Impacts of Climate change include:
- sea level rise,
- increase in average temperature,
- Changes in biological and climate cycles
- Changes in water resources – decrease in
quantity and quality;
- natural calamity (storms, floods, flash floods,
drought, land slides) increases in terms of
intensity and frequency, resulting in complicated
impacts on various aspects of social life and
biodiversity in particular.
Table 6. Types of impacts of Climate change on different economic regions
No
.
Region
Types of impacts
1
Núi phía bắc
Cold front, mist, floods, droughts,
storms
2
Red River delta and
midland region
floods, storms, drought, waterlogging,
sea level rise, sea bank erosion
3
Northern Central coastal
line
storms, floods, drought, sea level rise,
sea bank erosion
4
Southern Central coastal
line
storms, sea level rise, floods, drought
5
Central Highland
drought, floods, flash flood
6
South Eastern region
drought, floods, storms, water quality,
sea level rise
7
Mekong River delta
floods, sea level rise, drought, water
quality
Sea level rise
As for our country, rising sea
level will:
- inundate a large area of
lowland/wetland ecosystems
of the largest delta regions of
the country
- where are homeland of longestablished communities of
the wet rice cultivation
civilization
- areas with greatest potentials
for agricultural production
- natural habitats of many
native species including –
protected areas, bioreserves.
impacts OF Climate Change ON
Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Populations
and habitats
ECOSYSTEM
AGRICULTURAL &
FOREST ECOSYSTEM
SHALLOW MARINE
ECOSYSTEM
WETLAND ECOSYSTEM
COASTAL
ECOSYSTEM
Table 7. impacts of Climate change on Biodiversity
Ecosystem/habit
ats
impacts on ecosystem
impacts on species
Marine and coastal ecosystem
- Shallow marine
and coastal
ecosystem
- Changes in ecological
conditions,
- Changes in distribution
and structure of habitats
- Structure , composition of species
and volume of sea products/ fishes
to change or decrease
- Food creatures of upper and
middle water layers decrease
- Tropical fish species increase
while (high valuable fish) temperate
fish species decrease,
- passive migration
-Mangrove
ecosystem
-Loss of or shrinking
area
-Loss of habitats of species, Loss
of species.
- Coastal
ecosystem
- Shrinking residential
area, loss of residential
land or cultivable land
- Loss of habitats of species, Loss
of species.
Ecosystem/habit
ats
Forest
ecosystem
Impacts on
ecosystem
Impacts on
species
-Boundaries of
forest/vegetative
cover types
change
- Biomass
increament index
decreases
Increasingly prone
to forest fire, Changes in insect
diseases, difficult
to prevent
- Structure and
composition of
species change
- Increased threat
of extinction
Ecosystem/habit
ats
Agricultural
ecosystem
Impacts on
ecosystem
- Increase in
salinity areas
tăng (in coastal
areas),
- Structures of
habitats and
crops change
Impacts on
species
- Fresh water
species decrease
- Tropical crops
and plant spices
expand (move
upwards and
invade in the
North),
- Temperate plant
species shrink
Ecosystem/habit
ats
Habitats for
transmitted
diseases
change and
expand
Impacts on
ecosystem
Changes in
seasons of
diseases
- New diseases
occur
- Ratio of
patients
increases
- Mortality
increases
Impacts on
species
- Diseasetransmitting
animals and
new diseasetransmitting
vectors
impacts ON HEALTH
Health is affected by
increased mortality rate due to hotter weather or new diseases
occurrence of new diseases –due to transmission vectors,
diseases, which are not transmitted by vectors, malnutrition
diseases due to pollution.
Consequences:
reduced meaning of life,
increased costs for
insurance and health care,
reduced number of
working days
Ecosystem/habit
ats
Applicable to all
Impacts on
ECOSYSTEM
Impacts on
species
- Impacts of
natural calamity
- Destruction of
habitats due to
natural calamities,
- Polluted
environment
Functions of
ecosystem are
damaged,
- Droughts.
- Loss of species
- Structure and
composition of
species are
changed
- Flora and fauna
species are
affected at
different scales, or
even dead due to
lack of water
- Impacts of lack
of water
ON
ON
ON
forest
Agriculture
Health
GENERAL QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT ON
BIODIVERSITY and impacts OF FACTORS
Mean Species Abundance (MSA)
•
•
•
•
•
Species Richness Index,
Biodiversity Integrity Index
Living Planet Index and
Biodiversity Intactness Index
Mean Species Abundance - MSA is more suitable for
assessment of implementation of CBD
Key influencing factors
on Biodiversity
•
•
•
•
•
•
i) Changes in land use purposes,
ii) Climate Change,
iii) Concentration of nitrogen from atmosphere,
iv) Forestry activities,
v) Infrastructure development and
vi) Fragmentation of Ecosystem, following the
sequence:
MSA = MSALUC+MSACC+MSAN+MSAI+MSF
GLOBIO 3 Model
• GLOBIO 3 assessment model
(Netherlands Environmental Assessment
Agency, 2006) to evaluate implementation
of Convention on Biodiversity at global and
regional levels
Conclusions
• Climate change and Biodiversity loss are
environmental problems that have longterm, great impact on development of
each country. Therefore, it is
recommended to study and propose
mitigation and adaptation measures.
Climate change, and conservation and
development of biodiversity should be
thoroughly understood at all levels and
sectors.
Conclusions
• Vietnam has signed and committed to implement
many International Conventions on Climate
change and Biodiversity. It has been
implementing these Conventions and achieved
some certain results such as issuance and
implementation of strategies, institutionalization,
policies, etc. However, more attention is still
required. Climate Change should also be
incorporated into national strategies at macro
level rather than only into natural resources and
environmental sector.
Conclusions
As for integration of biodiversity into national
and local biodiversity plans,
- Special attentions should be paid to adaptation measures,
which are suitable with respective scenarios of Climate change,
first of all to protect and sustain gene sources in agro-forestry
ecosystem,
- Sustainable management and development watershed forest,
- Suitable options to transform cropping structure patterns with
suitable crop varieties and species (e.g. drought or heatresistant),
- Re-planning for protected areas in lowland or wetland, etc.
- Afforestation and regeneration should be intensified to achieve
multi-sided effectiveness, including reduction of GHG emission,
natural calamities, protection and conservation of water and
land resources.
Conclusions
• Environmental protection and sustainable
development, especially with regard to Climate
change and biodiversity conservation,
integrated, inter-discipline, and communitybased approaches should be understood
thoroughly at all stages, e.g. making policies,
preparing and implementing plans and both in
terms of contents and structure. Solutions must
be comprehensive and synchronic, from
institutional structure, policies on planning,
technologies, of which capacity building,
awareness raising, and international cooperation
should be considered and prioritized adequately.
Thank you
!