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Global climate change, Biodiversity and sustainable development CLIMATE CHANGE BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Truong Quang Hoc§¹i Truong Quang Hoc & Vo Thanh Son National University Hanoi TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION 1. Climate Change, Biodiversity – Overview at global level 2. Current status of Climate Change, Biodiversity in Vietnam - Climate Change, - Biodiversity - Interactive relationship among Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable development 3. Recommendations ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AT GLOBAL/NATIONAL SCALES Strong impacts Degradation of ozone layer Low impacts Equal impacts Climate Change Soil degradation and desertification ECONOMY Biodiversity loss aquatic ecosystem forest ecosystem SOCIETY Strategies of some international conservation organizations towards Sustainable Development IUCN 2006 20010 Theory PRESENT To BE Achieved Diagram of Sustainable Development at lowest level Composition of atmospheric components : Human impacts - Energy Carbon Dioxide CO2 - Industry - Transport - Agriculture Methane CH4 - Forestry - Daily activities Nitrous Oxide NO2 Every day 60 million tones of CO2 are emitted to the atmosphere 1000 year 2000 Source: IPCC 2001 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH HAS BEEN INCREASING FOR THE PAST 200 YEARS Temperature rose 0.6 0C compared with in the year of 1860 Source: IPCC 2001 CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH 6.0 Source: IPCC 2001 From the year of 1000 until 2100 1000 2100 Biodiversity and Conservation What do we think when compare these two figures CHANGED TREND IN PRECIPITATION PATTERNS Source: IPCC 2001 Sea level rise: - 70-100 cm/100 year - Rise of 1 m by 2100 TEN MILLIONS OF PEOPLE MUST MOVE AWAY WHEN Sea level rise IS HIGH Source: IPCC 2001 What’s about sea level rise? Source: R. Nicholls, Middlesex University in the U.K. Meteorological Office. 1997. Climate Change and Its Impacts: A Global Perspective. INCREASE OF NATURAL CALAMITY More rains and heavier Storms Floods Increased flows of surface water Droughts DECREASE IN WATER RESOURCES 1. Higher temperature, higher demand for water 2. Higher evaporation of surface water 3. Salt water intrusion CONSEQUENSES OF Climate Change • Climate change has been changing global environment and affecting every sector and field • It is forecasted that Vietnam is among countries worst hit by Climate Change. Biodiversity Biodiversity, valuable natural resource, does exist only on our Earth, playing a huge role in nature and human being’s life. However, due to many causes, biodiversity is being degraded seriously. - Ecosystems are disturbed and overexploited; forest areas, especially natural forest are shrunken at an alarming rate. - The number of species going to extinct is increasing. CONSEQUENSES OF Biodiversity loss Inevitable consequences are decrease or loss of ecological functions of the ecosystems such as - water regulation, prevention of soil erosion, - disintegration of wastes, cleaning environment, ensuring natural circulation of materials and energy, - mitigation of natural calamities or extreme consequences of climate. And final consequence is recession of the economy due to loss of natural and environmental resources, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries like Vietnam. CURRENT STATUS IN VIETNAM • Climate Change • Biodiversity • Interactive relationship between Climate Change and Biodiversity PROJECTED INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE Location Southern region Northern region Year Low Average High 2010 0.1 0.3 0.5 2070 0.4 1.5 3.0 2010 0.3 0.5 0.7 2070 1.2 2.5 4.5 Source: Climate change in Asia (ADB, 1994) Table 2. Projected sea level rises (cm) Year Low Average High 2010 3 9 15 2070 15 45 90 Biodiversity • Rich in biodiversity • Ranked 16th among biodiversity-rich countries (6.7% VN/TG) Sao La Mang Lín Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Megamuntiacus vuquangensis Mang Trêng S¬n Canimuntiacus truongsonensis Sõng Bß Sõng Xo¾n Pseudonovibos spiralis Decrease in forest coverage 1909 72% 1943 43% Land with forest cover Other land 1995 28% • Impacts of Biodiversity on Climate Change Table 4. basic scenarios on Green House Gases (GHGs) until 2020 (tones of CO2) 1994 2010 2020 Energy 25.64 105.17 196.98 Forestry and land use 19.38 - 21.70 - 28.40 Agriculture 52.45 57.20 64.70 Total 97.47 140.67 233.28 Sector SHARES OF GHG EMISSION BY DIFFERENT SECTORS Table 5. GHGs emission from forest ecosystem and agricultural activities Ecosystem Activities Rice cultivation Types of GHGs CH4 Total emission CO2 (million tones of) (1994) 32.75 Animal husbandry Agricultural ecosystem Food CH4 , N2O 7.07 Waste CH4 2,71 Agricultural land N2O 8,06 CH4 , N2O , CO2 1,86 Increased biomass (increased areas of plantation and regeneration forest) -CO2 -50,32 Conversion of land use purposes CO2 56,72 Forest fire CO2 ? Slash and burn cultivation Forest ecosystem impacts OF Climate Change ON Biodiversity Impacts of Climate change include: - sea level rise, - increase in average temperature, - Changes in biological and climate cycles - Changes in water resources – decrease in quantity and quality; - natural calamity (storms, floods, flash floods, drought, land slides) increases in terms of intensity and frequency, resulting in complicated impacts on various aspects of social life and biodiversity in particular. Table 6. Types of impacts of Climate change on different economic regions No . Region Types of impacts 1 Núi phía bắc Cold front, mist, floods, droughts, storms 2 Red River delta and midland region floods, storms, drought, waterlogging, sea level rise, sea bank erosion 3 Northern Central coastal line storms, floods, drought, sea level rise, sea bank erosion 4 Southern Central coastal line storms, sea level rise, floods, drought 5 Central Highland drought, floods, flash flood 6 South Eastern region drought, floods, storms, water quality, sea level rise 7 Mekong River delta floods, sea level rise, drought, water quality Sea level rise As for our country, rising sea level will: - inundate a large area of lowland/wetland ecosystems of the largest delta regions of the country - where are homeland of longestablished communities of the wet rice cultivation civilization - areas with greatest potentials for agricultural production - natural habitats of many native species including – protected areas, bioreserves. impacts OF Climate Change ON Biodiversity Ecosystem Populations and habitats ECOSYSTEM AGRICULTURAL & FOREST ECOSYSTEM SHALLOW MARINE ECOSYSTEM WETLAND ECOSYSTEM COASTAL ECOSYSTEM Table 7. impacts of Climate change on Biodiversity Ecosystem/habit ats impacts on ecosystem impacts on species Marine and coastal ecosystem - Shallow marine and coastal ecosystem - Changes in ecological conditions, - Changes in distribution and structure of habitats - Structure , composition of species and volume of sea products/ fishes to change or decrease - Food creatures of upper and middle water layers decrease - Tropical fish species increase while (high valuable fish) temperate fish species decrease, - passive migration -Mangrove ecosystem -Loss of or shrinking area -Loss of habitats of species, Loss of species. - Coastal ecosystem - Shrinking residential area, loss of residential land or cultivable land - Loss of habitats of species, Loss of species. Ecosystem/habit ats Forest ecosystem Impacts on ecosystem Impacts on species -Boundaries of forest/vegetative cover types change - Biomass increament index decreases Increasingly prone to forest fire, Changes in insect diseases, difficult to prevent - Structure and composition of species change - Increased threat of extinction Ecosystem/habit ats Agricultural ecosystem Impacts on ecosystem - Increase in salinity areas tăng (in coastal areas), - Structures of habitats and crops change Impacts on species - Fresh water species decrease - Tropical crops and plant spices expand (move upwards and invade in the North), - Temperate plant species shrink Ecosystem/habit ats Habitats for transmitted diseases change and expand Impacts on ecosystem Changes in seasons of diseases - New diseases occur - Ratio of patients increases - Mortality increases Impacts on species - Diseasetransmitting animals and new diseasetransmitting vectors impacts ON HEALTH Health is affected by increased mortality rate due to hotter weather or new diseases occurrence of new diseases –due to transmission vectors, diseases, which are not transmitted by vectors, malnutrition diseases due to pollution. Consequences: reduced meaning of life, increased costs for insurance and health care, reduced number of working days Ecosystem/habit ats Applicable to all Impacts on ECOSYSTEM Impacts on species - Impacts of natural calamity - Destruction of habitats due to natural calamities, - Polluted environment Functions of ecosystem are damaged, - Droughts. - Loss of species - Structure and composition of species are changed - Flora and fauna species are affected at different scales, or even dead due to lack of water - Impacts of lack of water ON ON ON forest Agriculture Health GENERAL QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT ON BIODIVERSITY and impacts OF FACTORS Mean Species Abundance (MSA) • • • • • Species Richness Index, Biodiversity Integrity Index Living Planet Index and Biodiversity Intactness Index Mean Species Abundance - MSA is more suitable for assessment of implementation of CBD Key influencing factors on Biodiversity • • • • • • i) Changes in land use purposes, ii) Climate Change, iii) Concentration of nitrogen from atmosphere, iv) Forestry activities, v) Infrastructure development and vi) Fragmentation of Ecosystem, following the sequence: MSA = MSALUC+MSACC+MSAN+MSAI+MSF GLOBIO 3 Model • GLOBIO 3 assessment model (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2006) to evaluate implementation of Convention on Biodiversity at global and regional levels Conclusions • Climate change and Biodiversity loss are environmental problems that have longterm, great impact on development of each country. Therefore, it is recommended to study and propose mitigation and adaptation measures. Climate change, and conservation and development of biodiversity should be thoroughly understood at all levels and sectors. Conclusions • Vietnam has signed and committed to implement many International Conventions on Climate change and Biodiversity. It has been implementing these Conventions and achieved some certain results such as issuance and implementation of strategies, institutionalization, policies, etc. However, more attention is still required. Climate Change should also be incorporated into national strategies at macro level rather than only into natural resources and environmental sector. Conclusions As for integration of biodiversity into national and local biodiversity plans, - Special attentions should be paid to adaptation measures, which are suitable with respective scenarios of Climate change, first of all to protect and sustain gene sources in agro-forestry ecosystem, - Sustainable management and development watershed forest, - Suitable options to transform cropping structure patterns with suitable crop varieties and species (e.g. drought or heatresistant), - Re-planning for protected areas in lowland or wetland, etc. - Afforestation and regeneration should be intensified to achieve multi-sided effectiveness, including reduction of GHG emission, natural calamities, protection and conservation of water and land resources. Conclusions • Environmental protection and sustainable development, especially with regard to Climate change and biodiversity conservation, integrated, inter-discipline, and communitybased approaches should be understood thoroughly at all stages, e.g. making policies, preparing and implementing plans and both in terms of contents and structure. Solutions must be comprehensive and synchronic, from institutional structure, policies on planning, technologies, of which capacity building, awareness raising, and international cooperation should be considered and prioritized adequately. Thank you !