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ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN
URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN
TURKEY
Hande Özüt, Yunus Arıkan and Gülçin Özsoy
19-20 November 2007
Budapest
Urban Water Crisis in Turkey
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Who was responsible?
Central Government?
Local Government?
or
Climate Change?
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Water Resources of Turkey
Per capita usable water
1642 m3 / year (2007)
1000 – 1667 m3 / year (water stress)
1000 m3 /year (2030)
≤ 1000 m3 /year (water scarcity)
Sectoral distribution
2007
74 %
11 %
15 %
Irrigation
Industry
Domestic
2030
65 %
12 %
23 %
Source: www.dsi.gov.tr
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Water Management and Main
Responsible Bodies
Organization
Responsibility
Ministry of Environment
and Forestry
Environmental management, setting policies and rules
coordination of national and internationla activities on water
resources
General Directorate of
State Hydraulic Works
(DSİ)
Under Ministry of Environment and Forestry
Main investor large dams and large water supply investments
Municipalities
Urban water supply and treatment services and all related
infrastructure investments belongs to the municipalities and
metropolitan municipalities.
Municipal Water
Administrations
Constructing, operating, and maintaining water supply and
treatment facilities
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Climate Change Policy in Turkey
Year
1992
Events/Actions
• Upon negotiations at the meeting of UNFCCC Intergovernmental Negotiation
Committee at New York Turkey was included in the Annex I and Annex II lists
• Turkey did not sign the UNFCCC
1997
Turkey was not a Party to the UNFCCC when the Kyoto Protocol, thus no quantified
emissions limitation or reduction commitment was defined in Annex-B.
2001
COP7 –Taking into account her special circumstances, Turkey shall be placed in Annex-I
and deleted from Annex-II, in a position that is different than other Annex-I Parties.
Turkey acceded as the 189th Party to the UNFCCC in a different situation from that of
other Parties included in Annex-I to the Convention and has the following commitments.
2004
2006
•
•
Submission of regular reports; national communication and GHG inventories
Implement policies and measures in climate change mitigation, adaptation, systematic
research, education, training and public awareness.
Preparation of 2004 GHG Inventory by TURKSTAT
Voluntary carbon offset projects initiated as a business opportunity.
Turkey’s first national communication was submitted to the UNFCCC.
Supreme Council on Science and Technology decided to establish Climate Research
Programme
2007
Grand National Assembly of Turkey Climate Change Research Commission was
established. A draft report is prepared and Commission was re-established after general
elections.
Key speeches at the UN Summits
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Climate Change and Turkey
“...analysis of the current situation and the
projections based on IPCC further indicate that
warming will vary by region, and will be
accompanied by both increases and decreases
in precipitation, depending on region and locality.
There will also be changes in the variability of the
climate, including rainfall and snowfall, and an
increase in the frequency of some extreme
climate phenomena, such as floods and
droughts”. (First National Communication, 2007)
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Temperature: observed changes
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Temperature: projections
Changes in Temperatures for Turkey for All Seasons by 2100
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Precipitation: observed changes
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Precipitation Decrease in Turkey in winter
2006-2007
Regions
Source: State Hydraulic Works
Precipitation Decrease
(%)
Western Anatolia (Aegean Region)
43
Northwest Anatolia (Marmara Region)
40
Central Anatolia
18
Southeast Anatolia
14
Southern Anatolia (Mediterranean
Region)
9
Eastern Anatolia
5
Northern Anatolia (Black Sea Region)
5
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Precipitation: projections
Seasonal Precipitation Difference in Turkey by 2100
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Climate Change Projections :Snow Depth
Erciyes M.
Kaçkar Mountain
Süphan Mountain
Ağrı
Mountain
• Reduction in snow water equivalent is 20 mm over the high plains of
eastern Anatolia and the eastern part of the Black Sea mountains
• %97 of the glaciers at the Ağrı, Cilo, Süphan and Kaçkar mountains melted
within the 107 years of time scope
Cilo Mountain
• The glaciers at Erciyes ve Aladağlar are totally disappeared
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Climate Change and Basins
Simulation Study by Dokuz Eylül University
Nearly 20% of surface water in the study areas will be diminished by the
year 2030
Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Predictions of Hadley Centre Model
Possible
Scenarios
Predictions by 2080
Annual Average
Temperature
Annual Average
Precipitation
Annual flow of main
river basins
CO2 Concentration
exceeding 750
ppmv (No Control
of GHG
Emissions)
Increase
by nearly 3-4°C
Decrease
between 0 to 1
mm/day
Decrease
by nearly 20-50%
CO2 concentration
limited to
750 and 550 ppmv
Increase
by nearly 2-3°C
Decrease
between 0 to 0.5
mm/day
Decrease
by nearly 5-25%
CO2 concentration
below 550 ppmv
Increase
by nearly 1-2°C
Decrease
by nearly 0-15%
UKMO/DETR. Climate Change and Its Impacts, Stabilisation of CO2 in the Atmosphere, United Kingdom Meteorological Office and Department
of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (UKMO/DETR), the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, 1999
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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BLACK SEA REGION
Temperature: Decrease in winter
temperature
Precipitation: Increase in
fall precipitation
Snow Level: Reduction in snow
water equivalent
Number of Metropolitan
Municipalities: 1
Vulnerability
AEGEAN AND MARMARA
REGION
Temperature: Increase in
summer temperature
Precipitation: Decrease in
winter precipitation
Snow Level: No available
data
Number of Metropolitan
Municipalities: 5
CENTRAL ANATOLIA
REGION
Temperature: Decrease in
winter temperature
Precipitation: Increase in
fall precipitation
Snow Level: No available
data
Number of Metropolitan
Municipalities: 4
MEDITERRANEAN REGION
Temperature: Increase in
summer temperature,
Decrease in winter
temperature
Precipitation: Decrease
in winter precipitation
Snow Level: No available
data
Number of Metropolitan
Municipalities: 3
EASTERN REGION
Temperature: Increase
in winter temperature
Precipitation: Increase
in fall precipitation
Snow Level: Reduction
in snow water equivalent
Number of Metropolitan
Municipalities: 3
•Adaptation capacity?
•Comprehensive vulnerability analysis is needed
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Climate Change Impact on Urban Water
Reservoirs
Metropolitan
Municipality
Water levels of urban water
reservoirs
June 2006
June 2007
İstanbul
86%
40%
Ankara
67%
17%
Bursa
108,5%
66%
İzmir
48%
30%
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Impact of Climate Change on Urban Water
Reservoirs
Loss of Precipitation
(Winter 2006-2007)
İstanbul
İzmir
Ankara
40%
43%
18%
Loss of
Volume of Stored Water
(2006-2007)
%60
%70
%83
• Climatic conditions: Increased evaporation, surface profile of
reservoirs and increased temperatures,
• Water Management: Consumption and saving attitudes of urban
communities; management practices of authorities,
• Miscalculation of storage or consumption values.
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Existing Efforts for Adaptation in Urban Water
Management
•
Demand management
•
Supply management
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Demand Management
Institution
Method
NGOs
Water saving campaigns
Municipalities
Penalties and restrictions
Water saving campaigns
Municipalities and
Municipal Water
Administrations
Reduce Loss and leakages:
Rehabilitation of Urban Water
Management Infrastructure
Monitoring
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Examples to Campaigns
TEMA-NGO
WWF-Turkey
İzmir Greater
Municipality
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Examples of Water Loss and Leakages
Prevention Projects
Greater
Municipalities
Water Loss and Leakages Prevention
Projects
Target/Result
Kocaeli
Modernizing leakage detection instruments
Capacity building of technicians by field studies about losses
from network to groundwater
Implementation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
(SCADA) system to get information about dams and reservoirs,
detect leaks and failures at the network.
In 2 months, 7776 m3/day of leakages were
prevented.
Ankara
Pump stations, water level at tanks, flow and quantity at water
treatment plants, water supply system are scanned with
SCADA system.
Not specified
İstanbul
SCADA system application to help optimization of efficient
water distribution has been done.
Not specified
İzmir
Efforts were started in 2000. Weekly and day and night water
consumptions are monitoring by SCADA system. Leakage
detection is controlled by instruments.
Water network system and old gauges were improved.
Minimizing loss from
65% to 45%
Mersin
By 2006, Leak survey is done by using efficient leakage
detection instruments and skilled operators.
Pipe leakage repairement and aged pipes replacement were
accomplished.
Minimizing loss from
65% to 35%
Antalya
Starting from June 2007, SCADA system is utilized for
minimizing losses in production and pipelines.
Minimizing loss from
60% to 20%
Adana
SCADA system; an automated control system; is applied to
help optimization of efficient water distribution.
Improving water network system by means of installing check
valve, flow and pressure meters to monitor and control network
systems is accomplished.
Not specified
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Supply Management
Organisation
type
Method
Activities
Municipalities
and Municipal
Water
Administrations
Increasing Supply of Water Water transfer to urban areas
from basins
Central
Government
Increasing Supply of Water Regulatory depots will be built
along large water transmission
channels and projects for
transferring water between
water basins
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Examples of Water Transfer Projects
İSTANBUL
180 km
ANKARA
125 km
KONYA
PLAIN
Blue Tunnel Project
169 km
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Existing Efforts
Needs
Short-term relief efforts
Adjusting existing policies and planning
approaches in the various sectors is crucial for
the adaptation to climate change
Fragmented, local level
initiatives
Integrated, National Strategy, according to a
comprehensive vulnerability analysis
Reactive
Proactive
Conventional efforts
(ecological effects, not
sustainable, may not cope
with the uncertainty arising
from CC)
Integrate with the “softer” adaptation methods
such as education, extension services,
regulations, penalties etc.
Limited to the voluntary
action of consumers
Integrate with appropriate management
structures, policies, laws, promoting incentives
and technical measures.
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Best Practices
The Water Services Regulation Authority (OFWAT) in England and Wales
OFWAT
(economic regulator)
Secretary of State for
Environment, Food and Rural
Affairs and the Welsh Assembly
Government; the Consumer
Monitor
Council for Water, the Drinking
regulate
Water Inspectorate
Water
Better
Companies service
•Sets performance indicators
Customers
•Water efficiency campaigns
•Total leakage
•Leakage investment
•Risks and droughts
•Supply pipe repairs
•Water efficiency
•Improve transfer capacity of the
network
•Declare results to customers
•Penalties
•...
•Incentives
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Recommendations
Priority 1. Development of an Integrated Strategy for Adaptation
Establishment of a
Decision Making
Body
National
Adaptation Plan and
Strategy
Capacity Building
Local Level
Planning for
Adaptation
Data Management
and Access to
Information
Measures and
technological
solutions
Public Awareness
Priority 2. Balancing Water Supply and Demand
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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Thank you for your attention
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY
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