* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT …
Media coverage of global warming wikipedia , lookup
Scientific opinion on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Public opinion on global warming wikipedia , lookup
Climate change and agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in the United States wikipedia , lookup
Effects of global warming on human health wikipedia , lookup
Solar radiation management wikipedia , lookup
Climate change in Tuvalu wikipedia , lookup
Surveys of scientists' views on climate change wikipedia , lookup
Years of Living Dangerously wikipedia , lookup
IPCC Fourth Assessment Report wikipedia , lookup
Climate change, industry and society wikipedia , lookup
Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment wikipedia , lookup
Climate change adaptation wikipedia , lookup
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY Hande Özüt, Yunus Arıkan and Gülçin Özsoy 19-20 November 2007 Budapest Urban Water Crisis in Turkey ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Who was responsible? Central Government? Local Government? or Climate Change? ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Water Resources of Turkey Per capita usable water 1642 m3 / year (2007) 1000 – 1667 m3 / year (water stress) 1000 m3 /year (2030) ≤ 1000 m3 /year (water scarcity) Sectoral distribution 2007 74 % 11 % 15 % Irrigation Industry Domestic 2030 65 % 12 % 23 % Source: www.dsi.gov.tr ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Water Management and Main Responsible Bodies Organization Responsibility Ministry of Environment and Forestry Environmental management, setting policies and rules coordination of national and internationla activities on water resources General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) Under Ministry of Environment and Forestry Main investor large dams and large water supply investments Municipalities Urban water supply and treatment services and all related infrastructure investments belongs to the municipalities and metropolitan municipalities. Municipal Water Administrations Constructing, operating, and maintaining water supply and treatment facilities ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Climate Change Policy in Turkey Year 1992 Events/Actions • Upon negotiations at the meeting of UNFCCC Intergovernmental Negotiation Committee at New York Turkey was included in the Annex I and Annex II lists • Turkey did not sign the UNFCCC 1997 Turkey was not a Party to the UNFCCC when the Kyoto Protocol, thus no quantified emissions limitation or reduction commitment was defined in Annex-B. 2001 COP7 –Taking into account her special circumstances, Turkey shall be placed in Annex-I and deleted from Annex-II, in a position that is different than other Annex-I Parties. Turkey acceded as the 189th Party to the UNFCCC in a different situation from that of other Parties included in Annex-I to the Convention and has the following commitments. 2004 2006 • • Submission of regular reports; national communication and GHG inventories Implement policies and measures in climate change mitigation, adaptation, systematic research, education, training and public awareness. Preparation of 2004 GHG Inventory by TURKSTAT Voluntary carbon offset projects initiated as a business opportunity. Turkey’s first national communication was submitted to the UNFCCC. Supreme Council on Science and Technology decided to establish Climate Research Programme 2007 Grand National Assembly of Turkey Climate Change Research Commission was established. A draft report is prepared and Commission was re-established after general elections. Key speeches at the UN Summits ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Climate Change and Turkey “...analysis of the current situation and the projections based on IPCC further indicate that warming will vary by region, and will be accompanied by both increases and decreases in precipitation, depending on region and locality. There will also be changes in the variability of the climate, including rainfall and snowfall, and an increase in the frequency of some extreme climate phenomena, such as floods and droughts”. (First National Communication, 2007) ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Temperature: observed changes Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Temperature: projections Changes in Temperatures for Turkey for All Seasons by 2100 Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Precipitation: observed changes Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Precipitation Decrease in Turkey in winter 2006-2007 Regions Source: State Hydraulic Works Precipitation Decrease (%) Western Anatolia (Aegean Region) 43 Northwest Anatolia (Marmara Region) 40 Central Anatolia 18 Southeast Anatolia 14 Southern Anatolia (Mediterranean Region) 9 Eastern Anatolia 5 Northern Anatolia (Black Sea Region) 5 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Precipitation: projections Seasonal Precipitation Difference in Turkey by 2100 Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Climate Change Projections :Snow Depth Erciyes M. Kaçkar Mountain Süphan Mountain Ağrı Mountain • Reduction in snow water equivalent is 20 mm over the high plains of eastern Anatolia and the eastern part of the Black Sea mountains • %97 of the glaciers at the Ağrı, Cilo, Süphan and Kaçkar mountains melted within the 107 years of time scope Cilo Mountain • The glaciers at Erciyes ve Aladağlar are totally disappeared ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Climate Change and Basins Simulation Study by Dokuz Eylül University Nearly 20% of surface water in the study areas will be diminished by the year 2030 Source: First National Communication of Turkey on Climate Change, 2007 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Predictions of Hadley Centre Model Possible Scenarios Predictions by 2080 Annual Average Temperature Annual Average Precipitation Annual flow of main river basins CO2 Concentration exceeding 750 ppmv (No Control of GHG Emissions) Increase by nearly 3-4°C Decrease between 0 to 1 mm/day Decrease by nearly 20-50% CO2 concentration limited to 750 and 550 ppmv Increase by nearly 2-3°C Decrease between 0 to 0.5 mm/day Decrease by nearly 5-25% CO2 concentration below 550 ppmv Increase by nearly 1-2°C Decrease by nearly 0-15% UKMO/DETR. Climate Change and Its Impacts, Stabilisation of CO2 in the Atmosphere, United Kingdom Meteorological Office and Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions (UKMO/DETR), the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Bracknell, 1999 ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr BLACK SEA REGION Temperature: Decrease in winter temperature Precipitation: Increase in fall precipitation Snow Level: Reduction in snow water equivalent Number of Metropolitan Municipalities: 1 Vulnerability AEGEAN AND MARMARA REGION Temperature: Increase in summer temperature Precipitation: Decrease in winter precipitation Snow Level: No available data Number of Metropolitan Municipalities: 5 CENTRAL ANATOLIA REGION Temperature: Decrease in winter temperature Precipitation: Increase in fall precipitation Snow Level: No available data Number of Metropolitan Municipalities: 4 MEDITERRANEAN REGION Temperature: Increase in summer temperature, Decrease in winter temperature Precipitation: Decrease in winter precipitation Snow Level: No available data Number of Metropolitan Municipalities: 3 EASTERN REGION Temperature: Increase in winter temperature Precipitation: Increase in fall precipitation Snow Level: Reduction in snow water equivalent Number of Metropolitan Municipalities: 3 •Adaptation capacity? •Comprehensive vulnerability analysis is needed ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Climate Change Impact on Urban Water Reservoirs Metropolitan Municipality Water levels of urban water reservoirs June 2006 June 2007 İstanbul 86% 40% Ankara 67% 17% Bursa 108,5% 66% İzmir 48% 30% ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Impact of Climate Change on Urban Water Reservoirs Loss of Precipitation (Winter 2006-2007) İstanbul İzmir Ankara 40% 43% 18% Loss of Volume of Stored Water (2006-2007) %60 %70 %83 • Climatic conditions: Increased evaporation, surface profile of reservoirs and increased temperatures, • Water Management: Consumption and saving attitudes of urban communities; management practices of authorities, • Miscalculation of storage or consumption values. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Existing Efforts for Adaptation in Urban Water Management • Demand management • Supply management ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Demand Management Institution Method NGOs Water saving campaigns Municipalities Penalties and restrictions Water saving campaigns Municipalities and Municipal Water Administrations Reduce Loss and leakages: Rehabilitation of Urban Water Management Infrastructure Monitoring ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Examples to Campaigns TEMA-NGO WWF-Turkey İzmir Greater Municipality ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Examples of Water Loss and Leakages Prevention Projects Greater Municipalities Water Loss and Leakages Prevention Projects Target/Result Kocaeli Modernizing leakage detection instruments Capacity building of technicians by field studies about losses from network to groundwater Implementation of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to get information about dams and reservoirs, detect leaks and failures at the network. In 2 months, 7776 m3/day of leakages were prevented. Ankara Pump stations, water level at tanks, flow and quantity at water treatment plants, water supply system are scanned with SCADA system. Not specified İstanbul SCADA system application to help optimization of efficient water distribution has been done. Not specified İzmir Efforts were started in 2000. Weekly and day and night water consumptions are monitoring by SCADA system. Leakage detection is controlled by instruments. Water network system and old gauges were improved. Minimizing loss from 65% to 45% Mersin By 2006, Leak survey is done by using efficient leakage detection instruments and skilled operators. Pipe leakage repairement and aged pipes replacement were accomplished. Minimizing loss from 65% to 35% Antalya Starting from June 2007, SCADA system is utilized for minimizing losses in production and pipelines. Minimizing loss from 60% to 20% Adana SCADA system; an automated control system; is applied to help optimization of efficient water distribution. Improving water network system by means of installing check valve, flow and pressure meters to monitor and control network systems is accomplished. Not specified ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Supply Management Organisation type Method Activities Municipalities and Municipal Water Administrations Increasing Supply of Water Water transfer to urban areas from basins Central Government Increasing Supply of Water Regulatory depots will be built along large water transmission channels and projects for transferring water between water basins ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Examples of Water Transfer Projects İSTANBUL 180 km ANKARA 125 km KONYA PLAIN Blue Tunnel Project 169 km ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Existing Efforts Needs Short-term relief efforts Adjusting existing policies and planning approaches in the various sectors is crucial for the adaptation to climate change Fragmented, local level initiatives Integrated, National Strategy, according to a comprehensive vulnerability analysis Reactive Proactive Conventional efforts (ecological effects, not sustainable, may not cope with the uncertainty arising from CC) Integrate with the “softer” adaptation methods such as education, extension services, regulations, penalties etc. Limited to the voluntary action of consumers Integrate with appropriate management structures, policies, laws, promoting incentives and technical measures. ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Best Practices The Water Services Regulation Authority (OFWAT) in England and Wales OFWAT (economic regulator) Secretary of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Welsh Assembly Government; the Consumer Monitor Council for Water, the Drinking regulate Water Inspectorate Water Better Companies service •Sets performance indicators Customers •Water efficiency campaigns •Total leakage •Leakage investment •Risks and droughts •Supply pipe repairs •Water efficiency •Improve transfer capacity of the network •Declare results to customers •Penalties •... •Incentives ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Recommendations Priority 1. Development of an Integrated Strategy for Adaptation Establishment of a Decision Making Body National Adaptation Plan and Strategy Capacity Building Local Level Planning for Adaptation Data Management and Access to Information Measures and technological solutions Public Awareness Priority 2. Balancing Water Supply and Demand ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr Thank you for your attention [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY www.rec.org.tr