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Chapter 40 Review • Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts normal body functions disease • List 3 sources of disease Produced by agents Materials in the environment genes Match the disease with its cause bacteria viruses fungi • • • • • • • _________ Virus influenza _________athlete’s foot Fungi _________ Bacteria meningitis Virus __________Ebola __________ringworm Fungi Bacteria __________strep Virus __________ AIDS • Which 2 scientists concluded that diseases were caused by microorganisms? Robert Koch Louis Pasteur • What is the germ theory of disease? Diseases are caused by microorganisms called germs • Rules used to identify microorganisms are known as Koch’s Postulates • What are Koch’s postulates? 1. The pathogen should be found in the body of a sick organism and not in a healthy one 2. The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure form 3. When pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease that infected the original host 4. The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen. • Which type of pathogen invades and replicates in living cells by injecting their DNA or RNA into them? Viruses • Which pathogen causes disease by breaking down the hosts tissues or producing toxins? Bacteria • What type of pathogen is responsible for diseases such as malaria and dysentery? Protists • What type of pathogen lives inside a host and steals nutrients from them? Worms • A disease causing agent pathogen • The ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen immunity • List the ways diseases can be spread Physical contact Contaminated food or water Infected animals • How can we prevent the spread of disease? Wash your hands Cover your face when sneezing or coughing • Animals that spread disease are called vectors • Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection Inflammatory response • Elevated body temperature that occurs in response to an infection fever • What kills bacteria without harming the human or host? antibiotic • What enzyme breaks down the cells walls of bacteria and can be found in mucus, saliva, and tears lysozyme • Protein that helps destroy a pathogen antibody • Overreaction of the immune system to antigens allergy • Which antibiotic was discovered accidentally in 1828? Penicillin • What type of defenses track down pathogens that have made it into the body? Specific Defenses • Antibiotics are helpful with bacteria, but will not kill Viruses • What is the most important nonspecific defense? Skin • The body’s specific defenses that attack a disease-causing agent Immune response • Substance that triggers an immune response antigen • What type of defenses work to keep pathogens out of the body? Nonspecific Defenses • List 4- first line defenses Skin Mucus Sweat Tears • White blood cells that engulf pathogens are called phagocytes • What are the benefits to a fever Slows or stops the growth of many pathogens Increases heart rate to get WBC’s there faster • A protein that helps cells resist a viral infection Interferon • What are the 2 types of cells that recognize antigens? B cells T cells • Immunity against pathogens and antigens in body fluids Humoral immunity • Defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside normal cells Cell-mediated immunity • What types of cells are used in a humoral response? B cells • What types of cells are used in a cell-mediated response? T cells • Which cells produce antibodies for a secondary response? Memory B cells • Describe the shape of an antibody Y-shaped with 2 antigen binding sites • The antibody has antigen binding sites whose shape is ______________ to the antigen shape complimentary • Cell mediated immunity responds to what 2 things? Cancerous cells Virus infected cells • When the body recognizes a transplanted organ as foreign and attacks it this is known as rejection • A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens vaccine • Temporary protection from a disease by injecting the antibodies made from another animal into the bloodstream Passive immunity • Name 3 types of disorders within the immune system Allergies Autoimmune disease Immunodeficiency Disease • List substances that are common allergens Mold Dust Pollen • The activated mast cells initiate the release of a Histamine • What do histamines do Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding tissues • What type of drug counteracts the work of histamines? antihistamines • A chronic respiratory condition in which the passageways narrow asthma • When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells it produces an autoimmune disease • Give an example of an autoimmune disease Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 1 Diabetes Multiple Sclerosis • antibodies attack the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas Type 1 diabetes • The immune system attacks the connective tissues around joints Rheumatoid Arthritis • The immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord Multiple Sclerosis • Disorder in which the immune system itself is attacked Immunodeficiency disease • How can HIV be spread? Sexual contact Sharing needles Blood or blood products Mother to child • Factors that have the potential to affect your health in a negative way and cause injury or disease Risk factors • What factors affect air quality Carbon Monoxide Ozone Gas Airborne Particulates • Symptoms of CO poisoning include headache, dizziness, nausea, light headedness • Highly reactive form of oxygen found in the air, it is a risk factor when it occurs at ground level Ozone • Name 3 airborne particle affect you health Allergens Lead asbestos • Intentional release of infectious agents bioterrorism • Uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction Cancer • The cells begin to divide uncontrollably and form a mass of tissue called a _________ Tumor • _____________ are substances that cause cancer carcinogens • What behaviors reduce your risk of exposure to pathogens? Eating a healthy diet plenty of exercise and rest Abstaining from harmful activities Getting regular checkups