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The Immune System • A complex group of defenses found in the body that fight against harmful substances and pathogens • Pathogen: infectious agent (or germ) that causes disease or illness in a host Body Systems involved with Immune System • • • • Skin Respiratory System Digestive System Circulatory System –Lymphatic System First Line Defenses • Skin: Barrier against pathogens entering the body • Perspiration and oil gland secretions can make the skin a bad environment for pathogens to grow in Internal First Line Defense • Respiratory System – Traps pathogens in cilia and mucus. – Sneezing and coughing can get rid of pathogens. • Digestive System – Saliva-can kill bacteria. – Stomach, pancreas, and liver-contain enzymes that can destroy pathogens. – Hydrochloric Acid-kills some bacteria and stops some virus activity. – Mucus in the digestive tract coats bacteria and keeps it from sticking to other digestive organs. Internal First Line Defense (con’t.) • Circulatory System – White Blood Cells • Surround and digest foreign organisms and chemicals • Constantly patrol the body – Inflammation • Occurs when tissue is injured or becomes infected – Signs of Inflammation: Redness, increase in temperature, swelling and pain • Increased blood flow to the area Specific Immunity • Antigen-a molecule that is foreign to your body. – Lymphocytes respond to antigens in the body • Killer T-cells: release enzymes that help destroy undesired matter • Helper T-cells: activate the immune system and stimulate Blood cells to form antibodies – Antibody-a protein made in response to a specific antigen • Makes the antigen useless and more easily caught by Killer T-cells. Or the pathogen can be destroyed. – Memory B cells-float in blood, waiting to respond to the same pathogen at another time Active vs. Passive Immunity • Active Immunity: – The body makes it own antibodies in response to an antigen – A Pathogen invades and multiplies, making the host sick. – The body makes antibodies that fight off antigens and get the host well again. – This is why you only get sick once from some pathogens, such as Chicken Pox! • Passive Immunity: – When antibodies that have been produced in another animal and are introduced into your body. – Last less time that active immunity. Vaccination • Vaccine: a form of antigen that gives you active immunity against a disease. • Vaccination: the process of giving a vaccine by injection or orally (by mouth). • Helps reduce the risk of childhood disease • Vaccine can prevent a disease but is not a cure for someone who has contracted and is suffering form a disease. Tetanus • Caused by a common soil bacterium. • Can paralyze muscles. – Sometimes called Lockjaw • Puncture wounds and deep cuts can easily be infected. • Children are vaccinated early to build up antibodies against the tetanus toxin. • Tetanus vaccine also includes booster shots for Diphtheria, a dangerous respiratory disease, and Pertussis or Whooping Cough