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Fish Health and Disease Part 1: Epidemiology and Immunity Definitions Epidemiology The study of the transmission and control of disease Immunology The study of the components of the immune system, immunity from disease and the immune response Epidemiology- disease within pop’s Major factors affecting disease Exposure (time) Specificity/species fidelity Virulence/deadliness Ability to use a vector or Pathogenicity/how reservoir Host behavioral shifts Host response type/immune contagious it is Incubation period Disease = Opportunity & Condition All 3 are required for disease to proliferate How to spread disease Transmission types Direct – through contact: high density situations Person to person animal to person - zoonoses mother to child – vertical transmission Indirect – without contact: density independent Retention on objects/food droplets & particles in air bites and stings Kissing bug Triatoma sp. Immune System Purpose: Recognize and destroy non-self cells/particles Non-self particles = antigens Innate immune system Immediate, non-specific response ±’s ? No immunological memory/you don’t retain antibody memory Adaptive immune system ±’s ? Time lag between exposure and response, specific response Exposure leads to immunological memory Immune Response Cell-mediated response Macrophages Natural killer cells /mast cells Antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and Various cytokines in response to an antigen Humoral response Activated antibodies stemming from B lymphocytes Employs specific cytokines Produces/utilizes memory cells and Stimulates effector functions of antibodies Vaccination Induces adaptive immune system through cell-mediated and humoral responses Produces memory cells to combat future exposures Types of vaccines Dead viral particles are administered – boosters required Low virulence/live viral particles – few to no boosters Subunit vaccination – non-viral protein administered alone or within a non-harmful virus – sometimes ineffective Red Queen Hypothesis "It takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.” Constant adaptation among hosts and pathogens “Building better bugs” Problems with antibiotics Problems with vaccine development Hygiene hypothesis: Exposure to natural low-level pathogens increases overall immunity Ways we have circumvented natural immunity Sterilization Vaccination Amplification Problems with immunity recently developed in humans Immunodeficiencies – inactivity of parts of the immune system Auto-immune diseases – immune system attacks itself Hypersensitivity – over-expression of immune response SUMMARY To avoid disease you must have limited exposure both time and density dependant The type of response depends on previous exposure Innate or adaptive response Cell-mediated and humoral responses in both types Vaccines have + and – attributes Specific response Red Queen hypothesis Exposure to naturally-occurring antigens can boost immune system Hygiene hypothesis Fish Health and Disease Part 2: Diseases in Aquaculture Pathogens in Nature Not such a bad thing Typically infections are not virulent when prevalent Aid in feeding upper trophic levels Remove susceptible individuals from population Survival of fittest Link multiple trophic levels within an ecosystem Useful eco-indicators of ecosystem stressors When epidemics occur Could be a sign of host population structure Have the potential to substantially decrease host populations Pathogens in Aquaculture Not necessarily a health risk COOK IT & COOK IT WELL! More likely to economically impact industry by changing Texture Appearance Taste Perception of product is everything = $$ Value added products Top dollar for the most attractive product Single oysters vs. clusters Proper pigments in fish filets Disease Concerns in Aquaculture Major concerns for disease epidemics in Extensive Semi-intensive Intensive Why? Crowding Introduced pathogens Competition Introduced hosts Food Spread to native pop’s Space Competition with native pop’s Mates Water conditions Requirements for Disease All 3 must be present for an outbreak System Design and Pathogen Transmission Net pen/cage Semi-closed/ Recirculating + + + - - - - + Disease transmission Permeability of containment Interactions with native sp. Wastewater treatment Examples of Diseases in Aquaculture Salmonid farming Catfish farming Tilapia Shrimp Farming Abalone Oysters ambhanoi.um.dk Usfws.gov Salmonids Bacterial disease Salmonids it infects Non-salmonid species it infects Furcunculosis-Aeromonas salmonicida Atlantic codsalmon Gadus morhuaSalmo salar Atlantic Sea bream Sparus aurata Amago salmon Oncorhynchus rhodurus Turbot Psetta maxima /Scophthalmus maximus Brook Salvelinus fontinalis Americantrout eel Anguilla rostrata Brassy hankinsoni Brownminnow trout Hybognathus Salmo trutta m. lacustris Brook stickleback inconstans Carp tshawytscha Cyprinus carpio Chinook salmonCulaeaOncorhynchus Catfish Silurus glanis Chum Oncorhynchus Chestnutsalmon lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneum keta Coho salmon kisutch Common shiner NotropisOncorhynchus cornutus Creek chub Semotilus Cutthroat trout atromaculatus Salmo clarki European eel Anguilla anguilla Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Japanese Salvelinus leucomaenis Goby Cottuschar gobio Goldentrout shiner Notemigonus crysoleucasnamaycush Lake Salvelinus Groper Roccus mississippiensis Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou Lamprey Not specified Pink salmon Minnow Phoxinus phoxinusOncorhynchus gorbuscha Pollan Coregonus pollan Mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi Northern Esox luciusOncorhynchus mykiss Rainbowpike trout Paddlefish Polyodon spathula Sea trout Salmo trutta m. trutta Redbelly dace Chromomus eos Sockeye Oncorhynchus Smallmouthsalmon bass Micropterus dolomieui nerka Stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus American Fisheries Society T Håstein disease-watch.com Salmonids Bacterial Infections Bacterial Kidney Disease – Renibacterium salmoninarum Redmouth disease Enteric septicaemia – Edwardsiella sp. Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM) – Yersinia ruckeri Pseudotuberculosis – Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida Salmon Rickettsial Disease – Piscirickettsia salmonis Vibrosis –Vibrio anguillarum Hitra disease – Vibrio salmonicida ulcer from Vibrio Bacterial Dermal kidney disease (BKD) RickettsiaPhotobacterium family infecting gills Salmonids Viral infections Infectious haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus Salmonids Parasites Skin & gill fluke Gyrodactylus salaris flatworm Whirling disease Myxobolus cerebralis protozoan Skull deformation from Myxobolus cerebralis Atlantic salmon with Gyrodactylosis Darkening of skin from anus to tail Salmonids Ecto-parasites Sea lice Catfish Aquaculture Bacterial infections in catfish Aeromonas hydrophila Edwardsiella ictaluri Aeromonashydrophila Edwardsiella tarda Flexibacter columnaris Ich infection on a catfish Channel catfish virus Winter kill syndrome – fungal infection Saprolegnia sp. Parasites CCV White spot disease/protozoan - Icthyophthirius multifiliis = ich! Trichodina, Glossatella, Scyphidia and Epistylis and monogeneans Fish louce, Ergasilus sp., Argulus sp., Lernaea cyprinacae “Brown blood disease”: elevated NO2 in water – not a pathogen “Broken-skull disease”: lack of ascorbic acid – not a pathogen Tilapia Bacterial disease Streptococcosis Legions on bulging eyes Shrimp farming Bacterial infections Vibrio sp. Viral infections White spot virus syndrome White spot syndrome – Whispovirus Yellow head syndrome Protozoan parasites Milk shrimp syndrome – Agmasoma duorara Cotton/milk shrimp syndrome Abalone Abalone Virus Ganglioneuritis (AVG) Herpes-like virus that originated from farmed cultures Oysters Parasitic protozoans MSX – Haplosporidium nelsoni Dermo – Perkinsus marinus Gastropod predators and parasites Boonea sp. Urosalpinx sp. Prevention, Prevention, Prevention! The ultimate way to stop an outbreak is to prevent it Prevent stressful situations Proper stocking situations Proper management practices Ideal water treatment Prevention measures Vaccinations Stress-treatments (chemical) Anti-biotics Selective breeding (unintentional & intentional) Disease-free brood stocks Batch culture/ single batches reared to size Fungal control of eggs Intensive systems Control of multiple environmental factors SUMMARY Multiple pathogens afflict nearly all farmed species Preventative technologies are constantly being developed Good management and farming practices aid in success Parasites and pathogens are normal parts of natural ecosystems Eradication = species extinction = lack of natural community complexity For the purposes of human sustenance Limit disease in non-natural stocks Biosecurity