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Respiratory System Parts • Lungs • Air passages Functions • Takes in oxygen • Removes carbon dioxide • Body has 4-6 minute supply of oxygen Air Passages Nose • 2 nostrils or nares • Nasal septum – Divides nose into 2 nasal cavities • Lined – With mucous membrane with a rich blood supply • Functions – Warms – Moistens – Filters • Cilia – Tiny hair-like structures that help move dirt trapped in mucous to the esophagus • Olfactory Receptor – Receptors for sense of smell • Lacrimal Ducts – Tear ducts – Drain tears from the eye into the nose Olfactory Receptors Sinuses • Cavities in the skull that surround the nasal area • Connected to nasal cavities by short ducts • Function – Warms and moistens air • Lined with mucous membrane • Provides resonance for the voice Pharynx • Throat • Lies behind the nasal passages • 3 sections – Nasopharynx – Oropharynx – Laryngopharynx • Voice box • Layers of cartilage Larynx – Largest is the thyroid cartilage commonly called the Adam's apple • Contains – Vocal chords • Vibrate on exhaled air to produce sound • The tongue and lips act on the sound to produce speech – Epiglottis • Flap of cartilage that closes the larynx during swallowing and prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea Trachea • Windpipe • Series of “C” shaped cartilage to keep the tube open to the back • Divide into the right and left bronchi • Continues to divide into smaller bronchioles • End in the alveoli – Air sacs Alveoli - One cell thick and surrounded by capillaries - Look like a cluster of grapes - Allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Surfactant - Surfactant - Reduces surface pressure and prevents alveoli from collapsing Exchange of Gases Lungs • Right lung 3 lobes • Left lung 2 lobes due to the heart Pleura • Covered by a double layer sac called the pleura Ventilation • Process of breathing • Diaphragm – Muscle of respiration – Assisted by the intercostal muscles • Phases of respiration – Inspiration • Inhale – Expiration • Exhale Diaphragm Dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity Process of Respiration • Controlled by the medulla oblongata in the brain • An increase in amount of CO2 in the blood , increases the rate of respiration • Both involuntary and voluntary process Stages of Respiration • External Respiration – Exchange of gases between air in the lung and the blood Internal Respiration – Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells Cellular Respiration – Use of gases to make energy, water and CO2 Diseases • Asthma – Inflammation of airways with increased mucous production and muscle constriction – Cause – allergen, exercise, stress, chemical – S/S - wheezing, coughing, dyspnea, shortness of breath – Tx bronchodilators, steroids Nebulizer Inhaler Bronchitis • Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes • Acute – infection • Chronic – longtime exposure to smoking • S/S productive cough, dyspnea, fever, chest pain • Tx – antibiotics, bronchodilators, oxygen Emphysema Emphysema • Non infectious, chronic respiratory condition when walls of alveoli deteriorate and loss elasticity • CO2 remains trapped in the alveoli • Poor exchange of gases • S/S dypnea, feeling of suffocation, barrel chest • TX – No cure Epistaxis • Nosebleed • Congested capillaries bleed • Due to injury, blowing too hard, hypertension • TX – pinch nostrils lean forward slightly Influenza • Flu • Viral infection of the lungs • Spread by respiratory droplet • S/S - fever, malaise, chills, cough, sore throat, muscle pain • Tx - symptomatic Lung Cancer • Leading cause of death of men and women • S/S no symptoms in early stages, later cough hemoptysis • Tx – surgical removal, radiation, chemotherapy Pneumonia • Inflammation or infection of the lungs • Build up of exudates (fluid) in the alveoli • S/S cough, chest pain, fever, dyspnea • Tx – antibiotics, bed rest, fluids, respiratory therapy, pain medication Rhinitis, Laryngitis, Sinusitis Tuberculosis • Infectious lung disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis • Can be walled off in a tubercle and become dormant • New strains are drug resistant • S/S fatigue, fever, night sweats, hemoptysis weight loss, chest pain • Tx - several drugs over a period of two years