Download Waste Removal Notes

CELL WASTE REMOVAL:
THE RESPIRATORY &
URINARY SYSTEMS
I. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM:
A. Functions:
1. Brings oxygen to the bloodstream
2. Removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream
B. Organs of the Respiratory System:
1. Nose
 receives air from external environment
 cleans, heats, & moistens air to prevent
damage to the fragile lung tissue
 cilia, hair, & mucous clean the air
 mucous membranes moisten the air
 blood vessels below mucous membranes
heat the air
a. external nares – the openings at the base
of each nostril
b. vestibule – small chamber just inside of
the external nares
c. nasal septum – partition along the
midline that divides the
nasal cavity in half
NASAL
SEPTUM
2. Pharynx (throat)
 extends from nasal & oral cavities to larynx
 lined with a mucous membrane
 transports food & liquids to esophagus
 transports oxygen to lungs
 contains the tonsils & adenoids
PHARYNX
3. Larynx (voice box)
 connects the pharynx to the trachea
 transports air toward lungs
 houses the vocal chords which vibrate to
produce sound
 contains the epiglottis to prevent solids/liquids
from entering the lungs
VOCAL CHORDS IN ACTION
4. Trachea (windpipe)
 carries air to the lungs
 lies anterior to the
esophagus
 has C-shaped rings of
cartilage that keep the
airway open
 is lined with a ciliated
mucous membrane that
traps & moves particles
(sputum) to the stomach
TRACHEA
CILIA
MUCOUS
GLAND
5. Lungs (2)
 site of gas exchange between the atmosphere &
bloodstream
 contain a vast network of increasingly smaller,
branching tubes
 surrounded by a serous membrane that has two
layers called pleurae
 each lung is divided into lobes (right lung = 3
lobes / left lung = 2 lobes)
6. Bronchial Tree - branching system of tubes within
the lungs that provides a passageway
for air between the trachea & alveoli;
lined with a ciliated mucous membrane
a. bronchi – large tubes that branch from the trachea
to each lung
b. bronchioles – numerous, smaller tubes that branch
from the bronchi
c. alveolar ducts – even smaller tubes that branch from
the bronchioles
d. Alveoli
 microscopic sacs where gas
exchange between bloodstream
and external environment
occurs
 there are about 300-500
million alveoli per average
adult lung
 gases diffuse through thin walls
of alveoli to/from nearby
capillaries