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Cardiovascular System Vocabulary Terms Minion (n)- a lackey; a follower devoted to serving his/her master. Façade (n)- the face or front of a person or building; a false, superficial appearance To digress (v)- to deviate or stray from the main topic of conversation. To dissent (v)- to disagree with the general opinion To acquiesce (v)- to comply or consent to something without protest Aloof (adj)- to have a distant and/or cold personality Affable (adj)- someone who is friendly, approachable, easy-tospeak with Altruistic (adj)- to be selfless and giving Salacious (adj)- leading to lustful or sinful thoughts Blood Vessels Blood vessels (i.e. arteries, veins, capillaries) are the system of “tubes” used to transmit: Blood, Hormones Electrolytes Sugar Pathogens (bacteria, etc) Medical root for blood vessels or any tubes in the body is “Angio” Components of Blood Blood Blood consists of 3 types of “cells” and the fluid by which it moves. The following cells are called the Formed Elements. 1. Thrombocytes (aka Platelets) They destroy pathogens 3. Erythrocytes (aka Red Blood Cells) Transport Oxygen in the form of Hemoglobin and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) as waste. 99% of formed elements are RBCs RBCs live 3 mos; later broken down by Spleen Plasma The Fluid by which these formed elements move. Made mostly of water. Yellowish in color In the plasma moves hormones, electrolytes, etc Help with clotting 2. Leukocytes (aka White Blood Cells) The “river of life,” the fluid that contains elements essential to life You have about 1 gallon of blood General Concepts Basic Terms The Heart The pump that delivers blood throughout the body Artery The “tubes” that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to every cell in your body Arteries later become arterioles, or smaller arteries. General Concepts Capillaries Arterioles become capillaries Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body (1 cell thick) They deliver the oxygenrich blood to cells They then collect the “poop” of cellular waste (including Carbon Dioxide) and eventually become little veins called Venules Veins Venules become Veins. These are the “tubes” that carry the C02 waste back to the heart The heart pushes the CO2 to the lungs to be exhaled and 02 to be inhaled. Remember!!! Arteries take blood away from heart Veins return it to heart Heart It is a pump that distributes blood to the entire body. Though it is one organ, it has two separate pumps that do not interact with each Right Side Left Side The right and left side are divided by a wall called a Septum. The heart has 2 atria and 2 ventricles The atria collect blood The ventricles push the blood to their respective destination. Rt Side of the Heart Main function of Rt-sided heart To send oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Right Atrium Collecting chamber that receives 0xygen-poor blood from the 2 main veins that return blood to the heart from the entire body Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava Coronary Sinus Tricuspid Valve The door between the Right Atrium and Rt Ventricle Rt Side of Heart (Cont) Right Ventricle Pulmonary Valve Pushes oxygen-poor blood to the lungs The Door between the Right Ventricle and the Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Artery Rt and Lt pulmonary arties carry blood to Right and Left Lungs to receive oxygen at the Alveoli. Pulmonary Circulation The Rt and Lt Pulmonary Arteries divide into smaller arterioles that reach the alveoli of the lungs There at the alveoli, the oxygen is “picked up” by the red blood cells and the blood becomes oxygen-rich At the alveoli, the small venules (little veins) take the O2-rich blood and eventually combine to create the Pulmonary Vein Each lung has 2 pulmonary veins coming out of it. Left Side of Heart The two (2) pulmonary veins from each lung deposit their 02-rich blood in the: Left Atrium Collecting chamber of the left side of heart Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve The “door” between the left atrium and the: Left Ventricle The larger, stronger chamber of the heart Why? Because it has to pump the blood to the entire body. Blood exits the left ventricle through the Aortic Valve Once the blood passes the aortic valve it is out of the heart and in the aorta Heart Review Heart Rate is controlled by the Autonomic Nervous System of the brain. The cardiac cycle refers to all of the events associated with the flow of blood through the heart during one complete heartbeat. Systole- heart contraction Diastole- heart relaxation Normal blood pressure is 120 Systole; 80 Diastole Nodes The brain sends electrical impulses to the heart for regulation These impulses are regulated by Nodes. Sino-Atrial Node (SA Node) Also known as the Pacemaker. A bundle of nerves located on the superior wall of the Right Atrium Controls atrial beat and sends impulse to… Nodes Atrio-Ventricular Node (AV Node) Controls ventricular beat Located on wall between Right Atrium and Right Ventricle near Tricuspid Valve Layers of the Heart The heart has three (3) layers Pericardium Myocardium Outside layer of heart Tough, fibrous layer Middle layer of heart As name suggests, it is the part of the heart that has the cardiac muscle that contracts the chambers. Biggest, thickest layer Endocardium Innermost layer of heart Layers of an Artery Every artery in the body has three (3) layers Tunica externa Tunica media The middle layer Tunica intima The outermost layer The innermost layer Aneurysm When blood begins to leak through one of the layers The Aorta “The Big Papi” It is the largest artery in the body All major arteries in the body originate off the aorta Aorta divided into four (4) sections They have different names but they are the same vessel 1. Ascending Aorta Part of aorta that immediately comes out of the heart and ascends (moves up) into the chest cavity The coronary arteries come off of the ascending aorta. 2. Arch of Aorta The aorta then turns to the left to create an arch before turning downward The Arch gives off three (3) very important vessels. Aorta 3. Descending Aorta Otherwise known as the Thoracic Aorta It descends down the thoracic cavity behind the heart 4. Abdominal Aorta Once it passes the diaphragm, it becomes the Abdominal Aorta The Abdominal Aorta gives off all major arteries that supply blood to all the abdominal organs Coronary Arteries The first set of arteries that come off the aorta. They supply blood to the actual heart and its myocardium so it can continue to pump After giving its 02 away, Coronary arteries become the Coronary Veins, which unite to become the Coronary Sinus, one of the openings in the Right Atrium Coronary Arteries are the site of heart attacks (aka Myocardial Infarctions or MIs) Arch of Aorta Three (3) important vessels originate off the arch of the aorta that supply blood to the head and arms. 1) Left Subclavian Artery 2) Left Common Carotid Artery Supplies blood to the left arm Supplies blood to the left side of the face and brain 3) Brachiocephalic Artery Small trunk of an artery that eventually gives birth to the: Rt Common Carotid Artery Supplies blood to the right side of face and brain Rt Subclavian Artery Supplies blood to the right arm The Head The left and right common carotid arteries are the main arteries to the face, head, and brain. The common carotids divide into the: External carotids (2)-supply blood to the face Internal carotids (2)- supply blood to the brain Smaller arteries, called the Vertebral arteries, originate off the left and right subclavian arteries and travel up the Cspine to supply blood to the back of the brain So, Internal Carotids and Vertebral arteries supply blood to the brain. The Circle of Willis The Lt and Rt Internal Carotids (2) reach the base of the brain where they become the: Circle of Willis The intricate network of brain arteries that supply blood to the entire brain The Lt and Rt Vertebral Arteries merge to form the Basilar Artery which creates the posterior part of the Circle of Willis. Stroke “Heart attack of the brain” occurs here Blood supply to the Arm The left Subclavian artery originates off the Arch of the Aorta The right Subclavian comes off of the Brachiocephalic artery Either way, the Subclavian changes names as it goes to wrist but it is the same vessel When it passes the armpit, it becomes the Axillary Art When it enters the arm, it becomes the Brachial Art When it enters the forearm, it divides into the Radial and Ulnar arteries It then divides into numerous arteries in the hand. The Arteries of the Abdomen All major arteries of the abdomen come off the Abdominal Aorta Celiac Trunk (T-12) Short artery that breaks off into: Superior Mesenteric A.(L-1) Supply blood to the kidneys Gonadal (Testicular) (L-2) Gives blood to the superior part of the abdomen Renal Arteries Splenic Artery- gives blood to the Spleen Common Hepatic Artery- gives blood to Liver Gastric Artery -blood to stomach Gives blood to the gonads (testicles & ovaries, respectively) Inferior Mesenteric A. (L-3) Gives blood to inferior part of the abdomen Arteries of the Pelvis At Lumbar 4, the Abdominal Aorta divides into the Left and Right Common Iliac arteries The Common Iliac divide into: The Internal Iliac Artery Supply blood to the pelvis, bladder and genitalia The External Iliac Artery Major vessels that supply blood to the legs. Arteries of the Lower Extremity The external iliac artery changes names as it descends the leg, but it is still the same artery Once it passes the hip, it becomes the Femoral Artery Once it enters the knee, it becomes the Popliteal Artery Once it passes the knee, it divides into the Anterior and Posterial Tibial Arteries. It then breaks into numerous arteries in the foot. Veins The Veins have three (3) layers as well Externa (Adventitia) Media Interna (Endothelium) The major difference is that veins have valves They prevent backflow of blood Veins of the Lower Extremity The Veins of the Leg is an almost exact mirror image of the arteries. Anterior and Posterior Tibial Veins of the lower leg become the: Popliteal Vein at the knee, which becomes the: Femoral Vein in the leg becomes the External Iliac Vein in the pelvis, which becomes the Common Iliac Vein The only difference is the Great Saphenous Vein, a small superficial vein that stretches from the ankle to the thigh. Used for bypass surgeries Pelvic Veins The Common Iliac Vein of each leg merges to become the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC), the largest blood vessel of the body at L-5. Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) The Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) receives blood from the: Testicular (Gonadal) Veins Renal Veins Return blood from the kidney Hepatic Vein Return blood from the testicles/gonads Return blood from the liver The IVC then passes the diaphragm to enter the Thoracic cavity and delivers the low Oxygen blood to the Right Atrium of the Heart. Hepatic Portal System The villi of the small intestines absorb the nutrients of the chyme Those nutrients are taken by the Inferior and Superior Mesenteric veins to the liver for filtration The Inferior and Superior Mesenteric Veins merge to form the Hepatic Portal Vein prior to entering the Liver The Liver filters the nutrients in the blood The “clean” blood is then deposited into the Inferior Vena Cava via the Hepatic Vein The IVC then takes the blood to the right atrium Veins of the Upper Extremity The Veins of the Arm mirror that of the arteries with some notable differences The Ulnar and Radial veins of the forearm turn into the Brachial vein in the arm. The Brachial vein turns into the Axillary vein, then the Subclavian vein There are 2 superficial veins in the arm as well. The Cephalic Vein drains the lateral arm The Basilic Vein drains the medial arm Both drain into the Axillary Vein Veins of the Head The veins of the head are a mirror image of the arteries Instead of 2 Carotid Arteries, we have 2 Jugular Veins (Left and Right) The Internal jugular vein drains blood from the brain Identical to internal carotid The External Jugular vein drains blood from the face Identical to external carotid The Superior Vena Cava (SVC) When the Subclavian Veins (Arm) meets the Internal Jugular Veins (Head), they form the Left and Right Brachiocephalic veins The Right and Left Brachiocephalic Veins merge to form the Superior Vena Cava (SVC) The Superior Vena Cava, along with Inferior Vena Cava, and the Coronary Sinus (Vein) enter the Rt Atrium. Terms Arrhythmia- when heart beat is irregular Tachycardia- heart beat over 100 beats per minute Bradycardia- “ ” under 60 beats per minute Angioplasty- “angio”= vessels, “plasty”= surgical repair Placing a stent (wire mesh) in a coronary artery to prevent a heart attack by pushing the plaque against the arterial wall.. Systole –heart contracts Diastole -heart relaxes The two numbers in a blood pressure are your systolic and diastolic reading. Systolic number is first, followed by diastolic. 120/80 is normal Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack) A progressive disease in which a coronary artery accumulates too much plaque to the point that blood cannot go beyond it. Heart tissue beyond the blockage dies. Coronary Stents (Angioplasty) Stroke Heart attack of brain Plaque or a clot blocks up cerebral artery Area beyond that is deprived of blood and 02 and dies. Aneurysm An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. Either hereditary or lifestyle choices High Blood Pressure and cholesterol culprits CT Angiogram of Aorta. Aortic Dissection An actual tear or rupturing of the wall of the intima layer Blood flows between the layers, and eventually leads to: Aortic Rupture (Hemorrhage) Aorta bursts and blood flows into body cavity High, high rate of death Clots vs Embolism Clots are a piece of plaque which gets too big it blocks (occludes) the artery or vein Sometimes that piece will break off, like an iceberg, and travel toward another part of the body, like the leg or heart The heart will pump it to the lungs and brain and that piece can get stuck in the small arterioles there and cause a blockage (embolism)