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Heart Figure 22.02b Heart Functions of the Heart Ensures unidirectional flow of blood Pumps blood to lungs and body Develops blood pressure for nutrient and waste exchange Figure 22.01 Heart-Anatomical Location and Orientation Heart Anatomical Orientation and Location Chambers of the Heart • Atria • (Left and Right) • Ventricles (Left and Right) Heart Valves • Atrioventricular (AV) valves – between atria and ventricles • Semilumar Valves– between ventricles and great arteries Valves of the Heart Heart Valves Figure 18.8a Atrioventricular Valves (Open) Atrioventricular Valves (Closed) Figure 18.9b Semilunar Valves (Open vs Closed) Figure 18.10a, b Pericardium Layers of the Heart Layers of the Heart Epicardium Myocardium Endocardium Figure 18.3 Cardiac Muscle Cells Cardiac Muscle Cells Blood Flow Through the Heart Figure 22.06ab Conduction System • Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to: • Generate and conduct impulses • Signal these cells to contract rhythmically • Conducting system • A series of specialized cardiac muscle cells • Sinoatrial (SA) node sets the inherent rate of contraction Conducting System Figure 18.12 Conduction System Conduction System and ECGs Conduction System of Heart Disorders of the Heart • Coronary artery disease • Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits • Angina pectoris – chest pain • Myocardial infarction – blocked coronary artery • Silent ischemia – no pain or warning Disorders of the Heart • Heart failure • Progressive weakening of the heart • Cannot meet the body’s demands for oxygenated blood • Congestive heart failure – heart enlarges • Pumping efficiency declines • Cor pulmonale • Enlargement and potential failure of the right ventricle Disorders of Conduction • Ventricular fibrillation • Rapid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles • Atrial fibrillation • Multiple waves of impulses randomly signal the AV node • Signals ventricles to contract quickly and irregularly