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Animal Circulation and Gas Exchange Cardiovascular System • Heart – atria & ventricles • • • • • Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart • Two chambers (one atria and one ventricle) – along with a sinus venosus and a conus venosus) • Two chambers plus septa – lungfish Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart • Three chambers (two atria and one ventricle) – amphibians, reptiles Evolution of the Vertebrate Heart • Four chambers (two atria and two ventricles) – Crocodilians, mammals, birds Path of Blood Through The Heart • Anterior and Posterior Vena Cava • Right Atria • Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (tricuspid) • Right Ventricle • Semilunar Valve • Pulmonary Arteries • Lungs • Pulmonary Veins • Left Atria • Atrioventricular (AV) Valve (bicuspid) • Left Ventricle • Semilunar Valve • Aorta • Body Cardiac Cycle Diastole Contract Neither Atrial Systole Atria Valves AV open Semilunar closed 0.4 sec AV open Semilunar closed 0.1 sec Time Function Fill Heart Overfill Ventricle Ventricular r Systole Ventricle AV closed Semilunar open 0.3 sec Pump Blood Cardiac Output • Volume of blood per minute from the left ventricle • Depends on two factors – Heart rate (pulse) – Stroke volume • Average Human – 75 ml/beat – 70 beats/min – 5.25 L/min (your blood volume) Control of Heart Rhythm • Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) • Atrioventricular node Mammalian Blood Composition • Plasma (55%) – – – – – – – Water Ions Plasma Proteins Nutrients Wastes Gases Hormones • Cellular Elements (45%) – Erythrocytes – Leukocytes – Platelets Blood Clotting • Injury triggers platelets to area • Changes prothrombin to thrombin which than converts fibrinogen to fibrin Blood Pressure • Systolic Pressure • Diastolic Pressure Cardiovascular Disease • • • • • • • Hypertension Heart Attack Stroke Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis LDL’s HDL’s Cardiovascular “Surgeries” • Angiogram • Angioplasty • Stents Cardiovascular “Surgeries” • Bypass Surgery Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease Cardiovascular Disease • • • • • • • Hypertension Heart Attack Stroke Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis LDL’s HDL’s Gas Exchange Conditions for Respiratory Surfaces • Large surface area • Thin • Moist Aquatic vs. Terrestrial • Less than 1% oxygen • Oxygen amounts decrease as the temperature increases • Aquatic animals use large amounts of energy to obtain oxygen (20%) • About 21% oxygen • Developed invaginations to increase surface area and decrease evaporation • Terrestrial animals may use only 1% 2% of its energy to obtain oxygen Respiratory Surfaces • • • • Cutaneous Respiration Gills Tracheal Systems Lungs Cutaneous Respiration • Direct diffusion of gases between the organism and the environment • Found in Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, nematodes, and some annelids • Supplements other organisms Gills • Found in echinoderms, mollusks, annelids, arthropods, some vertebrates • Countercurrent Gas Exchange Countercurrent Gas Exchange • Maintains gradient over the whole length of the capillaries • Extracts 80% of the oxygen from the water Tracheal Systems • Found in arthropods • Tracheae – open tubes • Spiracles – openings • Tracheoles – contact with cells • Muscle – increase amount of Carbon Dioxide removed Tracheal Systems Diffusion Lungs • Found in invertebrates • Gas moved primarily by diffusion – may be increased by body movement • Modifications – snails - cavity with gill modified into lung – scorpions and spiders - invaginations of the abdomen Ventilation Lungs • Found in amphibians, reptiles, mammals and birds • Pharynx • Larynx • Trachea • Bronchi • Bronchioles • Alveoli Alveoli Ventilating The Lungs • Positive Pressure Breathing • Negative Pressure Breathing – pushes air down trachea – seen in frogs and other amphibians – suction created by diaphragm – seen in mammals Negative Pressure Breathing Avian Respiration • Airs sacs allow for one-way ventilation • Parabronchi rather than alveoli Breathing Control • Occurs in Medulla oblongota and Pons • Monitors Carbon Dioxide (converts to carbonic acid) – lowers pH and causes increase in depth and rate of breathing Carbon Dioxide Transport • Carbon dioxide transported from tissue by erythrocyte – 7% transported as Carbon Dioxide in blood – 23% of Carbon Dioxide and most of the Hydrogen ions are attached to hemoglobin – 70% transported as Bicarbonate in plasma Deep-diving Mammals • Stores large amounts of oxygen in blood and muscles (twice as much as us) – twice the volume of blood – huge spleen – myoglobin Deep-diving Mammals • Conservation techniques – exhale before diving (prevent bends / pressure) – decrease heartrate and oxygen consumption – reduce blood supply to muscles (anaerobic) Smoking • In the United States, an estimated 26.2 million men (23.5 percent) and 20.9 million women (18.1 percent) are smokers. These people are at higher risk of heart attack and stroke. • Every eight seconds, someone dies from tobacco use. • Cigarettes cause more than one in five American deaths.