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Capítulo 1B
Realidades 1
Subject pronouns

Subject pronouns in English
I
We
You
He,

She
They,
You all
Subject pronouns in Spanish
Yo
Nosotros
Tú
Vosotros
Él,
Ella, Usted
Ellos,
Ellas, Ustedes
Subject pronouns

Spanish has different forms of “you” for
singular and plural subjects
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Tú and Usted are singular
Vosotros and Ustedes are plural
Spanish has different forms of “you” for
familiar and formal uses


Tú and Vosotros are familiar
Usted and Ustedes are formal
Subject pronoun translations

Yo  I


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


Tú  You
(familiar, singular)
Él  He/him
Ella  She/her
Usted  You
(formal, singular)




Nosotros  We (all male or m
& f)
Nosotras  We (all female)
Vosotros  You all(familiar,
plural)
Ellos  They, them (all male or
m & f)
Ellas  (all f)
Ustedes  You all (formal,
plural)
Gender of nouns

In Spanish, all nouns have a gender
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Masculine or feminine
The gender of a noun decides which
article is used with it and what ending to
use on adjectives that describe the noun
Feminine nouns end in –a and masculine
nouns end in –o

Ex: la chica is feminine and el chico is
masculine
Gender of nouns (cont.)

Not every noun follows these rules!

Nouns that end in -sión, -ción, -dad, -tad, tud, -umbre are usually feminine
La televisión
 La identificación
 La felicidad
Nouns that end in -ma, -pa, -ta, or LONERS are usually


masculine
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Nouns that end in -ma, -pa, or –ta are usually masculine because
they are of Greek origin (mapa, problema, planeta)
If a word ends in l, o, n, e, r, or s it’s usually masculine

El papel; el traje; el color; el corazón
Gender and number agreement


Making a subject and its adjectives agree means to
change the ending of the adjectives based on the
gender and number of the subject.
Gender changes:

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
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If the adjective needs to be feminine, change the –o ending to
an –a ending
If the adjective needs to be masculine, leave it alone!
If the adjective ends in –e, do not change the ending
because adjectives that end in –e are gender neutral
Number changes:


If the adjective needs to be plural and ends in a vowel, add -s
If the adjective needs to be plural and ends in a consonant,
add -es

Ex: trabajador  trabajadores
Práctica

Translate:








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Rosita and Miguel are intelligent.
Francisca is tall.
Marisol is pretty.
Rosita is artistic.
Gabriela is athletic.
Adela is funny.
Paco and Pedro are organized.
Isabel is serious.
Tito is shy.
Artículos definidos (Definite
articles)
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Definite articles are those that talk about a
specific object
The is the definite pronoun used in English
Spanish has 4 forms of the




El (masculine singular)
La (feminine singular)
Los (masculine plural)
Las (feminine plural)
Artículos definidos (Definite
articles)

Articles must also agree in gender and number
with the subject. Write the following nouns with
the correct definite article. Then, make the word
plural and write the word with the correct
definite article.





maestro
maestra
estudiante
señor
señora
Artículos indefinidos (Indefinite
articles)


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Indefinite articles talk about an object, but we
don’t know which one
English indefinite articles are a and some
Spanish has 2 forms of a and 2 forms of some

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Un (a, masculine)
Una (a, feminine)
Unos (some, masculine)
Unas (some, feminine)
Use un/una with singular nouns and
unos/unas with plural nouns
Artículos indefinidos (Indefinite
articles)

Articles must also agree in gender and number
with the subject. Write the following nouns with
the correct indefinite article. Then, make the
word plural and write the word with the correct
definite article.





maestro
maestra
estudiante
señor
señora
Conjugating verbs


To conjugate a verb is
to change its ending to
match
The subject pronouns
are divided into
categories for
conjugation
Singular
Plural
1st person
Yo
1st person
Nosotros
2nd person
Tú
2nd person
Vosotros
3rd person
Él/ Ella/
Usted
3rd person
Éllos/Ellas/
Ustedes
The verb ser


Ser means “to be”
This verb is used in English for

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I am
He/She is
You are
We are
They are
In Spanish, it has many more forms…
Ser
Singular
Plural
Yo
soy
Nosotros
somos
eres
Vosotros
sois
Tú
Él/Ella/Usted
es
Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes
son
Translations

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Yo soy  I am
Tú eres  You
(familiar) are
Él es  He is
Ella es  She is
Usted es  You
(formal) are
Nosotros
somos  We (m or m &
f) are
Nosotras somos  We (f) are
Vosotros sois  You all (familiar)
are
Ellos son  They (m or m & f) are
Ellas son  They (f) are
Ustedes son  You all (formal) are
Práctica: ser

Translate the following sentences:

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I am short.
Sr. Gomez and Pablo are tall.
Jaime and Adela are smart because they like
to study.
Antonio is hardworking.
Pedro and I are nice.
Ser + de
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To talk about where someone is from, use ser + de
Steps:
 Conjugate the verb to match the subject
 Add de after the correct form of ser
Yo, tú, él, ella, usted, nosotros/as, vosotros/as, ustedes, ellos,
and ellas are used to talk about people. Tú, vosotros/as, usted,
and ustedes are used to talk with someone.
 When tú, vosotros/as, usted, and ustedes are used to talk about
someone, you are still talking to the person.
Translate the following sentences in your notes.
 Ana and Jorge are from El Salvador.
 Luisa is from Columbia.
 I am from Chile, but Alicia is from Peru.
Práctica: ser + de

Translate the following sentences:
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I am from Oak Park
They (m.) are from Texas.
She is from Guatemala.
You all (inf.) are from Florida.
We are from Spain.