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... My concern in analysing the element –NYA here, is to look at its synchronic distributions in the nominal domain. There are two main questions I would like to raise about –NYA, namely, (i) what element is –NYA actually? (is it the same element in all constructions, or some different elements?), and ( ...
POS Review Game - Mrs. Stoltzfus
POS Review Game - Mrs. Stoltzfus

... Mrs. Jones eagerly drinks her first large cup of coffee early in the morning.  adjective  adverb ...
The evolution of differential object marking in Spanish Klaus von
The evolution of differential object marking in Spanish Klaus von

... is marked: (i) animacy, (ii) referential category, and (iii) topicality. Animacy and referential category form each a scale with different values. Topicality is generally described as a simple feature ±top. DOM-languages differ with respect to which parameters and to which particular (transition) po ...
Descriptions which have grown capital letters
Descriptions which have grown capital letters

... capitalised  descriptions  belong?  Are  they  simply  proper  names  but  with  vestigial   articles?   Or   are   they   genuine   definite   noun   phrases   but   with   unique   orthography?   Or   are   they   something   else   entirely? ...
On the grammar of names
On the grammar of names

... Of course, there has been considerable equivocation, or at least ambivalence and inexplicitness, over the use of ‘name’, even in the linguistic literature. And the general confusion in usage is well illustrated by the first two definitions provided by the OED: 1. The particular combination of sounds ...
A unified analysis of the English bare plural
A unified analysis of the English bare plural

... ‘singular’ means ‘one’, and that ‘plural’ means ‘two or more’. Both of these quantifiers range over the same set of objects. The relationship between semantic interpretation and syntactic form is presumed to be of the sort presented in Montague (1972). The crucial feature of this system for us is th ...
A unified analysis of the English bare plural
A unified analysis of the English bare plural

... ‘singular’ means ‘one’, and that ‘plural’ means ‘two or more’. Both of these quantifiers range over the same set of objects. The relationship between semantic interpretation and syntactic form is presumed to be of the sort presented in Montague (1972). The crucial feature of this system for us is th ...
Partitives A workshop at SLE 43
Partitives A workshop at SLE 43

... nominative.We argue that the opposition between the partitive and the accusative or the nominative does not coincide with the opposition between definite and indefinite NPs, since the accusative and the nominative can give rise to both interpretations. The genitive NP emphasises quantity, while the ...
the structure of non-finite relative clauses in arabic
the structure of non-finite relative clauses in arabic

... from different languages, are clearly incompatible with each other, as may be seen from the Downing’s list compiled to this effect: 'A R C contains a finite verb. The verb of a RC assumes a distinctive non-finite form. A RC contains a pronoun coreferential with a noun that immediately precedes (or f ...
Grammar - WordPress.com
Grammar - WordPress.com

... Example: she is busy preparing for the exam  Can’t Help/ Can’t Bear (tidak bisa menahan) Example: she usually can’t help laughing when she hears joke  Tobe + Used to (terbiasa) Example: I am used to eating gudeg jogja  Get used to (telah terbiasa) Example: she get used to living near the airport ...
English Co-reference Guidelines
English Co-reference Guidelines

... According to the guidelines written for a name-tagging task at Georgetown University, "A human reading [a text] is able to understand it using her knowledge of language as well as her knowledge of the world. To get a computer to do the same, it is helpful to prepare examples of text marked up with w ...
Long adjectival inflection and specificity in Serbo
Long adjectival inflection and specificity in Serbo

... In the presence of a short adjective (12a), the object NP cannot have wide scope over the verbs ‘must’ or ‘wants’: the NP jednog visokog studenta does not presuppose the existence of any tall students. The object NP in (12b), on the other hand, does imply the existence of one tall student, or of a g ...
Notes on the Interpretation of the Prepositional Accusative in
Notes on the Interpretation of the Prepositional Accusative in

... pronouns and quantifiers. b) The distinction between semantic and grammatical gender allows one to understand why pe may be optional. Namely, while grammatical gender is necessarily marked on the noun's morphology (cf. Coene (1999)), and is thus an obligatory feature, semantic gender is an inherent ...
the functional structure of the basque noun phrase
the functional structure of the basque noun phrase

... The generative tradition has built up various arguments to enrich the inventory of functional categories inside the noun phrase! beyond the NP-DP basic structure proposed by Brame (1982), Abney (1987) and others; just to mention a few: the existence of clause-like agreement data in Hungarian (Szabol ...
Referent tracking strategies in Mongsen Ao and Chang discourse
Referent tracking strategies in Mongsen Ao and Chang discourse

... ‘to the whole village [he] announced “I have caught an elephant.”’ (click for sound) This stylized pattern of recapitulation and the attendant anaphora of controlling NP arguments enforces continuity of topical NP referents in a similar pattern to that demonstrated in Mongsen Ao. There is no evidenc ...
Definiteness And Indefiniteness: A Contrastive Analysis Of The Use
Definiteness And Indefiniteness: A Contrastive Analysis Of The Use

... determiners (my, your, his, her, its, our, their). Structurally, determiner precedes an adjective if there are adjectives in the noun phrase. In cases where no adjectives are present, they are positioned directly in front of a noun. Where the sentence “I put my backpack on the front porch, and now I ...
powerpoint
powerpoint

... learning rate.  Overproduction Learners overuse of a TL structure that is similar to the NL. e.g., topic-comment structures in the L2-English of L1-Chinese speakers. ...
expressing attitudes in academic research
expressing attitudes in academic research

... formal categories, which can be classified into six groups: 1. Adverbs and adverbial phrases functioning as sentence adverbials - disjuncts 2. Verb-modifying adverbs functioning as subjuncts - intensifiers 3. Adjectives functioning as subjective complement in sentences with expletive 'it' 4. Adjecti ...
Language and publication in Cardiovascular Research articles
Language and publication in Cardiovascular Research articles

ESL-Power-Point-Dan-2015 - James Hardiman Library
ESL-Power-Point-Dan-2015 - James Hardiman Library

... The flow of one sentence into the next must feel natural and not disjointed. Sometimes, combining short, smaller sentences into one (IF IT WORKS!) will contribute to a more free-flowing string of sentences. ...
FRENCH I Classroom Commands Nouns CLASSROOM
FRENCH I Classroom Commands Nouns CLASSROOM

... 1. Identify the verbs below by underlining them. 2. Note if they are conjugated (C) or an infinitive (I) She pulled the drawer out and started to carry it over to the table. Abby kneeled up on a chair to look inside. There were lots of boring things like staplers and string but there were lots of in ...
nominal number in meso-melanesian
nominal number in meso-melanesian

... categories in one or more of these types of agreement, while others display fewer categories, typically only singular versus plural. No languages display more number distinctions in these types of agreement than in independent pronouns. 2.3 Number hierarchies and animacy hierarchies Number hierarchi ...
Example
Example

... ‘the’ is used with adjectives to refer to a thing or group of people described by the adjective. Example : the unemployed / the elderly  ‘the’ is used before the plural of somebody ’s last name, refer to whole family, or married couple. Example : Do not forget to invite the Jordans.  ‘the’ is use ...
Wortarten und Grammatikalisierung
Wortarten und Grammatikalisierung

... no longer occurs in larger situation use (in English, this would mean that at some point one would regularly say again sun was shining instead of the sun was shining). The qualification ‘by itself’ is necessary since apparent contractions on all three levels may occur when a newly grammaticising con ...
Psychology in Action
Psychology in Action

... One area of English grammar which is problematic for many non-native speakers is that of articles, both definite (the) and indefinite (a, an, some). There is one other related grammar point which it is important to know about. You may have noticed that not all nouns in English occur with an article. ...
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Article (grammar)

An article (abbreviated ART) is a word (or prefix or suffix) that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and (in certain contexts) some. 'An' and 'a' are modern forms of the Old English 'an', which in Anglian dialects was the number 'one' (compare 'on', in Saxon dialects) and survived into Modern Scots as the number 'ane'. Both 'on' (respelled 'one' by the Normans) and 'an' survived into Modern English, with 'one' used as the number and 'an' ('a', before nouns that begin with a consonant sound) as an indefinite article.Traditionally in English, an article is usually considered to be a type of adjective. In some languages, articles are a special part of speech, which cannot easily be combined with other parts of speech. It is also possible for articles to be part of another part of speech category such as a determiner, an English part of speech category that combines articles and demonstratives (such as 'this' and 'that').In languages that employ articles, every common noun, with some exceptions, is expressed with a certain definiteness (e.g., definite or indefinite), just as many languages express every noun with a certain grammatical number (e.g., singular or plural). Every noun must be accompanied by the article, if any, corresponding to its definiteness, and the lack of an article (considered a zero article) itself specifies a certain definiteness. This is in contrast to other adjectives and determiners, which are typically optional. This obligatory nature of articles makes them among the most common words in many languages—in English, for example, the most frequent word is the.Articles are usually characterized as either definite or indefinite. A few languages with well-developed systems of articles may distinguish additional subtypes. Within each type, languages may have various forms of each article, according to grammatical attributes such as gender, number, or case, or according to adjacent sounds.
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