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HALAMAN PENGESAHAN Buku GRAMMAR ini disahkan pada tanggal 26 Mei 2014. Penulis: Gerund, Participle, Conjunction: M. Dian Ferry F. Passive Voice & Article: Riki Dwi A.S. Connective, Should, Ought to, Had Better: Dzikri AA.: M. Misbahul huda Editor: FeNa Created Penerbit: FENA (Ferry Vina) Publishing Hak Cipta © 2014 Dilindungi Undang-Undang Dilarang Memperbanyak, Mencetak, ataupun Menerbitkan Sebagian maupun Seluruh isi Buku ini tanpa seizin Tertulis dari Penerbit FENA Publishing SSC. 2014.kumpulan soal-soal Snmptn.Bojonegoro:SSC. SSC.2014.Materi Kemampuan Dasar.Bojonegoro:SSC. SSC.2014.Pulsar.Bojonegoro:SSC. Wright,Stacey whitney&Silvester Goridus Sukur.2012.Soal-soal Grammar Toefl.Yogyakarta:Kalarana Press. Puji syukur kehadirat allah SWT. Yang telah memberikan nikmat kepada kita, sehingga kita dapat menyelesaikan Buku ini, Walaupun masih banyak kekurangan pada buku ini. Buku ini kami susun untuk memberikan Materi dan pembahasan tentang Grammar yang disertai dengan contoh-contohnya Agar para siswa bisa mempelajari dan memahami macam-macam Grammar, Serta dalam setiap pembahasan dilengkapi dengan latihan soal-soal. Tak lupa kami ucapkan terima kasih kepada bapak Moch Charis yg telah ikhlas membimbing kita dalam menyelesaikan bahasan dalam buku ini, kami juga berterima kasih kepada FeNa publishing yang telah membantu kita dalam mencetak buku ini, serta kami mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada pihakpihak yang membantu dalam penyusunan buku ini. Demikian sepatah kata dari kami, kami menyadari bahwa buku kami ini sangat jauh dari kata sempurna. Oleh karena itu, kami siap menampung kritik dan saran dari pembaca dan bisa di kirimkan lewat alamat Web Kami di http://Ferrydrajat.Wordpress.com. Bojonegoro, 14 mei 2014 Tim Redaksi 34|Grammar Grammar | i 1. 2. Kata Pengantar .....................................................................i Daftar Isi...........................................................................ii Bab I: Gerund........................................................................1 1. Gerund as Subject.........................................................2 2. Gerund as Object.........................................................2 3. Gerund After Preposition............................................2 4. Gerund After Current Word...........................................2 5. Gerund After Posessive Adjective...................................3 6. Gerund After Verb.......................................................3 7. Go + Gerund ...........................................................4 8. Question Gerund.........................................................5 Bab II: PArticiple................................................................7 1. Active Participle.........................................................8 2. Passive Participle..........................................................9 3. Question Participle.........................................................11 Bab III:Connective.............................................................13 1. Question Connective.........................................................16 Bab IV: Passive Voice.........................................................17 1. Question Passive Voice...............................................20 Bab V: Conjunction..............................................................21 1. Question Conjunction.........................................................23 Bab VI: Should, Ought to, Had Better...................................................24 1. Should...................................................................25 2. Ought to..................................................................26 3. Had Better.............................................................27 4. Question Should, Ought to, Had Better....................28 Bab VII: Articles...............................................................29 1. Indefinite Articles (A / An) ...................................30 2. Definite Articles (The) .....................................................31 3. Question Articles.....................................................33 Daftar Pustaka..................................................................34 ii|Grammar 3. 4. Gunakan “the” sebelum: Use the "the" before: Nama sungai, lautan, dan samudera: the Nile, the Pacific, etc. Titik atau batas yang ada pada peta dunia: the Equator, the North Pole, etc. Area-area geografis: the Middle East, the West, etc. Nama gurun, hutan, teluk (gulfs), semenanjung (peninsulas): the Sahara, the Persian Gulf, the Black Forest, the Iberian Peninsula, etc. 1. My father works as ……engineer. Answer: An 2. I prefer to choose …….. blue T-shirt rather than…… red one. Answer: the, the 3. Is your father still working in …… old company? Answer: An 4. I know who ……murder is. Answer: The 5. ……sun is shining bright. Answer: The 6. I will show you ……reason why I am so excited. Answer: The 7. My mother has ……terrible headache. Answer: A 8. Can you buy me……..pair of shoes? Answer: A 9. Do you want to see……..interesting movie with me? Answer: An 10. I know……..problem between you and him. Answer: The Articles |33 “The dog that bit me ran away.” (Anjing yang menggigit saya lari) “I was happy to see the policeman who saved my cat.” (Saya sangat senang melihat polisi yang menyelamatkan kucing saya) “I saw the elephant at the zoo.” (Aku melihat gajah di kebun binatang) Penggunaan Definite Article pada Countable dan Uncountable Nouns "The" can only be used on uncountable nouns, or the use of "the" can be eliminated. Consider the following example sentences: “The” hanya bisa digunakan pada uncountable nouns, atau penggunaan “the” bisa dihilangkan. Perhatikan contoh kalimat di bawah ini: “I love to sail over the water.” (Makna: saya suka berlayar di jenis air tertentu) “I love to sail over water.” (Makna: saya suka berlayar di jenis air apa saja. Bisa di laut, danau, ataupun sungai) Penggunaan Geografis There are some specific rules when using the definite article on the noun that contain geographic elements. Do not use "the" before: Ada beberapa aturan tertentu ketika menggunakan definite article pada kata benda yang mengandung unsur geografis. Jangan menggunakan “the” sebelum: 5. Nama dari kebanyakan Negara atau wilayah: Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, etc. 6. Nama kota besar, kota kecil atau Negara bagian: Seoul, Manitoba, Miami, etc. 7. Nama jalan: Washington Blvd., Main St, etc. 8. Nama danau: Lake Titicaca, Lake Erie, Lake Toba, etc. Kecuali jika dengan sekelompok dari danau-danau, contoh: the Great Lakes. 9. Nama gunung: Mount Everest, Mount Fuji, etc. Kecuali nama gunungnya memang disertai dengan “the”, contoh: the Matterhorn 10. Nama benua: Asia, Europe, Africa, etc. 11.Nama pulau: Easter Island, Maui, Key West. Kecuali rentetan dari pulau, seperti: the Aleutians, the Hebrides, or the Canary Islands. 32| Articles Gerund | 1 BAB I Gerund Gerund is a verb that functions as a noun to form a verb ving or placing position noun (Noun). (Gerund adalah kata kerja yang berfungsi sebagai Noun dengan bentuk Ving atau kata kerja yang menempat posisi kata benda (Noun).) Various forms of the gerund : Macam-macam bentuk gerund: 1. Gerund as Subject Example: Speaking is better than thingking. (Berbicara lebih baik daripada berfikir.) Jika kata benda (noun)-nya dimodifikasi oleh kata sifat (adjectives), pemilihan penggunaan “a/ an” berdasarkan pada pelafalan dari kata sifat yang ada setelah articles “a/ an” nya. Contoh: - a broken leg an unusual problem a European country Keep in mind also that in English, the indefinite articles "a / an" is used to indicate membership in a group or groups. example: Perlu diingat juga bahwa dalam Bahasa Inggris, indefinite articles: “a/ an” digunakan untuk mengindikasikan keanggotaan dalam suatu kelompok atau grup. Contoh: - I am a teacher. (Saya adalah seorang anggota dari suatu kelompok guru) - Brian is an Irishman. Subject (Brian adalah seorang anggota dari orang-orang yang dikenal sebagai penduduk Negara Irlandia) 2. Gerund as Object - Tagawa is a practicing Buddhist. Example: Ronald likes Dancing (Ronald suka Menari) Object 3. Gerund After Preposition (setelah kata depan) Example: I am sorry for Coming late (Saya minta maaf karena Datang terlambat) Preposition Gerund 4. Gerund After Current Word The word or term that must be followed by Gerund: 2 | Gerund (Tagawa adalah seorang anggota dari kelompok orang-orang yang dikenal sebagai penganut agama Budha) 1. Definite Article “the”. Article definite article is used before singular or plural nouns where the nouns (nouns) have the meaning of the special proficiency level (specific) or a particular noun. If the characteristics of the specific noun (special) is if the noun is part of a team / group. For example: Definite article adalah article yang digunakan sebelum kata benda tunggal ataupun jamak dimana kata benda (nouns) tesebut memilki makna yang khusus (spesifik) atau kata benda tertentu. Ciri-ciri jika kata benda tersebut spesifik (khusus) adalah jika kata benda tersebut merupakan bagian dari suatu kelompok/ grup. Contohnya: Articles |31 BAB VII Articles 2. Indefinite Articles ( a/ An) Indefinite articles are articles that modifies a noun (noun) are nonspecific / indefinite. Or in other words, it gives the meaning of indefinite articles "whatever" or "go" from a noun. The shape of the indefinite articles are using the articles "a" and "an". For example: Indefinite articles adalah article yang memodifikasi kata benda (noun) menjadi tidak spesifik/ tidak tentu. Atau dengan kata lain indefinite articles ini memberikan makna “apa saja” atau “yang mana saja” dari suatu kata benda. Bentuk dari indefinite articles ini adalah dengan menggunakan articles “a” dan “an”. The use of articles "a / an" is based on the initial letter of the noun. For more details, please note the following examples: Penggunaan articles “a/ an” ini berdasarkan pada huruf awal dari kata bendanya. Untuk lebih jelasnya silahkan perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut: 1. a + singular noun (kata benda tunggal) yang dimulai dengan huruf konsonan. Contoh: a boy, a car, a bike, a zoo, a dog, a horse etc. 2. an + singular noun (kata benda tunggal) yang dimulai dengan huruf vokal. Contoh: an elephant, an egg, an apple, an orphan, etc. 3. a + singular noun (kata benda tunggal) yang dimulai dengan pengucapan konsonan. Contoh: a user (walaupun diawali huruf vokal “u”, tetapi pengucapannya seperti konsonan “yoo-zer”, yakni pengucapannya diawali dengan huruf “y”). Contoh lain: a university, a unicycle, etc. 4. an + nouns (kata benda) yang diawali dengan pelafalan huruf “h” yang tidak diucapkan ketika berbicara. Contoh: an hour. If the noun (noun) was modified by adjectives (adjectives), the selection of the use of "a / an" based on the pronunciation of the adjective comes after the articles "a / an" it. example: 30| Articles Kata atau istilah yg harus diikuti oleh Gerund: No Use (tidak ada guna) Example: it is Nouse Studying with out practicing Tobe + Worth (Bermanfaat) Example: it is Worth reading source book Tobe + Busy (sibuk) Example: she is busy preparing for the exam Can’t Help/ Can’t Bear (tidak bisa menahan) Example: she usually can’t help laughing when she hears joke Tobe + Used to (terbiasa) Example: I am used to eating gudeg jogja Get used to (telah terbiasa) Example: she get used to living near the airport Tobe + accustomed to (sudah terbiasa) Example: setiawan is accustomed to wearing atie during his work 5. Gerund After posessive adjective ( Kepemilikan) Possessive adjective: my, your, our, his, her, there, very’s, amir’s Example: her teaching is fascinating 6. Gerund after Verb Verb ata Noun yg harus diikuti oleh Gerund: - Admit - appreciate - confess to - Consider - avoid - object to - Enjoy - finish - advance to - Mind - regret - look forward to Gerund | 3 - Recall Quit Can’t help Key to Stop Deny Suggest Recent - claim past pone resume devote to get used to risk practice miss - delay report dedicate to tobe used to tobe accustomed to resist advise 7. Go + Gerund Digunakan untuk menyatakan kegiatan / aktivitas yang berhubungan olahraga fisik, rekreasi, dan hiburan. Example: the student went camping yesterday we go swimming every day. - Go skating - go fishing - Go camping - go mountain climbing - Go bird watching - go dancing - Go sking - go boating - Go racing - go bowling - Go hiking - go shopping - Go canoeing - go jogging - Go sailing - go bungee jumping - Go diving - go cycling 4 | Gerund Articles |29 1. You ……..to take him to the emergency room. Answer: ought 2. ……..I put on a bandage? Answer: Should 3. They ……..hurt his injury. Answer: Shouln’t 4. We …..not to hurt him. Answer: ought 5. You ……to do abdominal thrusts. Answer: Ought 6. You ………say anything. Answer: shouldn't 7. I …….get back to work. Answer: should 8. We ……meet early. Answer: should 9. You'd…….. do what I say or else you will get into trouble. Answer: better 10. I'd ……..get back to work or my boss will be angry with me. Answer: better 28| Should, Ought to, Had Better 1. Reading….a good hobby Answer: (is) 2. His good activities are…….a newspaper Answer: (Reading) 3. My brother has been away from home for years without ever…….to us. Answer: (writing) 4. “what can you enjoy most during you weekends at puncak?” “………….for a walk in the early morning” Answer: (Going) 5. Ronald likes………in the river. Answer: (Fishing) 6. “do you think I can wear my new necklace?” “I wouldn’’t advise…….jewelry in a difficult time like this” Answer: (wearing) 7. Little children are usually afraid of………by their mothers. Answer: (leaving) 8. “let’s go and have lunch” “I’ll join you later, I had better not stop.….on the report now. Answer: (working) 9. I am considering………..(membeli) a new cassette player, because my old one it is not working properly. Answer: (Buying) 10. We always try to avoid …………preserved foods. Answer: (Consuming) Gerund | 5 3. HAD BETTER Had better digunakan untuk memberikan nasihat dalam hal-hal yang spesifik--bukan yang umum. Had Better diikuti langsung oleh kata kerja tanpa to. Perhatikan sususannya dalam kalimat berikut: You had better go right now.(Sebaiknya Anda pergi sekarang) I had better meet her tomorrow.(Sebaiknya saya jumpai dia besok.) You had better study hard for the exams.(Sebaiknya Anda belajar giat.....) Penulisan HAD BETTER sering disingkat menjadi: You'd better go right now. I'd better meet her tomorrow. You'd better study hard for the exams. Negative form of HAD BETTER: Bentuk negative dari had better yaitu dengan menambahkan NOT setelah better: You'd better NOT do it alone. (Sebaiknya Anda TIDAK melakukannya sendiri.) I'd better NOT go by taxi to the airport. (Sebaiknya saya TIDAK naik taksi ke airport.) We'd better NOT start the meeting without the boss. (Sebaiknya kita TIDAK memulai rapat ini tanpa boss.) HAD BETTER sering memberikan kesan seolah-olah jika nasihat atau anjuran yang kita berikan tidak diikuti akan terjadi hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan. Perhatikan contoh-contoh kalimat berikut: We'd better hurry or else we'll be late for the test. (Sebaiknya kita buruburu jika tidak kita akan terlambat mengikuti test.) I'd better meet Lutfi now or he'll be angry with me.(Sebaiknya saya temui Lutfi sekarang atau dia akan marah.). You'd better not disappoint her or she will find another man.(Sebaiknya kamu jangan mengecewakan dia atau dia akan cari laki-laki lain.) 6 | Gerund Should, Ought to, Had Better |27 2. Ought to (Harus) Ought to can be used instead of should. It is less common than should and sounds rather British. "Ought to" dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti "should". Ia kurang umum digunakan dibanding "should" dan terdengar agak bergaya British. - You ought to say thank you for the present. (You should say thank you for the present) - Engkau harus mengucapkan terimakasih atas hadiah itu. (Engkau sebaiknya mengucapkan terimakasih atas hadiah itu) Negatives and questions are less common and even more British. Kalimat negatif dan tanya kurang umum digunakan dan bahkan lebih bergaya British. - We ought not to be late for the meeting. (Kita tidak boleh terlambat mengikuti rapat). Questions are often made with "Do you think.." Kalimat tanya lebih sering dibentuk dengan "Do you think..." - Do you think I ought to get up earlier? ( Apakah saya harus bangun lebih pagi?) Questions with just ought to are rare. Kalimat tanya dengan hanya "ought to" adalah janggal. - Ought I to get up earlier? ( Haruskah saya bangun lebih pagi?) 26| Should, Ought to, Had Better Participle | 7 BAB II BAB VI participle Should, ought to, had better Participle is a descriptive word that consists of active and passive participle. Active participle Ving use (such as gerund) which has several functions. While the passive participle form of the V3 which also has several functions. Participle adalah kata penjelas yang terdiri dari participle aktif dan pasif. Participle aktif menggunakan Ving (seperti gerund) yang memiliki beberapa fungsi. Sedangkan participle pasif berbentuk V3 yang juga memiliki beberapa fungsi. 1. Active Participle Bentuk : Ving Fungsi : a. Sebagai penjelas kata benda Dibagi menjadi 2: 1. Kata benda dibelakangnya. Pola : Ving + N Example : the Crying Baby needs milk 2. Kata benda didepanya. Pola : N + Ving = N (who/ that/ which) + predicate Example : the girl singing on the stage last night lives next door (the girl who sang on the stage last night lives next door) b. Sebagai penjelas kalimat Dibagi menjadi 2: 1. Pola : Ving + S + Predicate Fungsi: Menyatakan Sebab Bentuk ini merupakan kependekan dari kalimat yang menggunakan 1. Should (Sebaiknya / seharusnya) Should is a modal verb used to give advice and recommendation. "Should" adalah "kata kerja modal" untuk memberi nasehat dan rekomendasi (saran). - You should see a doctor. (Kamu sebaiknya pergi ke dokter) - You should keep your promises. (Kamu seharusnya menepati janjijanjimu) - Should we buy her a present?( Kamu seharusnya menepati janjijanjimu) Should can also be used for obligation. For example: "Should" dapat juga digunakan untuk kemestian (kewajiban). Sebagai contoh: - I should call my Mum tomorrow. ( Saya harus menelepon ibuku besok). - He should apologize to Mary. ( Dia mesti meminta maaf ke Mary). Should is also used for when something is expected. "Should" juga digunakan ketika sesuatu diharapkan. - Tony should arrive here at 12.00. (Tony seharusnya tiba di sini pukul 12.00) - It's 12.30, and Tony should be here. (Sekarang jam 12.30, dan Tony seharusnya di sini). - This book is wrong, the answer should be "A". ( Buku ini keliru, jawabannya mestinay "A") because, as, for, atau since. Example 8 | Participle : Talking to much, she couldn’t understand the explanation Should, Ought to, Had Better |25 (Because of talked to much, she couldn’t understand the explanation) Menyatakan Ketika Bentuk ini merupakan kependekan dari kalimat yang menggunakan when/ while. Example : listening to the radio , she studies (while shelistens to the radio , she studies) 2. Pola : having + V3, S + predicate Fungsi menyatakan setelah Bentuk ini merupakan kependekan dari kalimat yang menggunakan after. Example : having studied hard, he went to bed (after he had studied hard, he went to bed) 2. Passive Participle Bentuk : V3 Fungsi: a. Sebagai penjelas kata benda. Dibagi menjadi 2: 1. Kata benda dibelakangnya. Pola : V3 + N Exalample : the stolen car has been found 2. Kata benda didepanya. Pola : N + V3 = N (who/ that/ which) + tobe + V3 Example : the child given money bought a candy (the child who was given money bought a candy) 24|Should, Ought to, Had Better Participle | 9 b. Sebagai penjelas kalimat. Dibagi menjadi 2: 1. Pola : V3 + S + Predicate Fungsi: Menyatakan Sebab Bentuk ini merupakan kependekan dari kalimat yang menggunakan because, as, for, atau since. Example : accepted at the state university, she held a party. (because she was accepted at the state university, she held a party) Menyatakan Ketika Bentuk ini merupakan kependekan dari kalimat yang menggunakan when/ while. Example : given information, he made a note (when he was given information, he made a note) 2. Pola : having + V3, S + predicate Fungsi menyatakan setelah Bentuk ini merupakan kependekan dari kalimat yang menggunakan after. Example good work : having been trained by a good instructur, he could get a (after he had been trained by a good instructur, he could get a good work) 1. I come late........of traffic jam on my way here. Answer: Because 2. They have been living here.......two years ago. Answer: Since 3. ..........study, he is slepping Answer: After 4. I am Breakfast, ........I go to school. Answer: When 5. I Study.......Sleeping. Answer: Before 6. .......Tourist Visit in Bali, So Bali Cultur shall Famous. Answer: If 7. She was reading a book.......i came to her house. Answer: When 8. My family was eating ......the bell rang Answer: when 9. I was listening radio ......my mother called me. Answer: When 10. ......asking me a lot of question, the manager offered me the job. Answer: After 10| Participle Conjunction |23 BAB V Conjunction Conjunctions have the job of joining two ideas in one sentence whereas the other connectives join the ideas in one sentence to the ideas in a previous sentence or paragraph. 1. The ......house are old 2. The ........man spoke his last words 3. The .......stone frightens us 4. The person ………..this book. dan tapi begitu jika saat setelah seperti sejak sebelum meskipun kecuali ketentuan bahwa karena selama terpisah dari sementara atau sampai sementara sedangkan bahkan jika apakah atau tidak setiap kali sehingga meskipun 5. The ………boy has completed his homework. 6. The book…… by Diego. Conjunctions often occur in the middle of a sentence. However, most of them can be rearranged to the beginning of a sentence. 7. ………..stories in this book are good. 8. The airliner ......high explodes I went home because I was scared. (Saya pulang ke rumah karena aku takut). Because I was scared, I went home. (Karena aku takut , aku pulang ). The man left although he did not want to. (Pria itu meninggalkan meskipun ia 9. Having ……the lesson, he slept. Although he did not want to, the man left. (Meskipun ia tidak mau , orang itu 10. The fat woman .........fast must beMrs. Tam Conjunction bekerja menggabungkan dua ide dalam satu kalimat sedangkan penghubung lainnya bergabung dengan ide-ide dalam satu kalimat untuk ide-ide dalam kalimat atau paragraf sebelumnya . Examples of conjunctions: and but so if when after as since before although unless provided that because as long as apart from while or until whilst whereas even if whether or not whenever so that even though Conjunction sering terjadi di tengah-tengah kalimat . Namun, kebanyakan dari mereka dapat disusun kembali ke awal kalimat . tidak mau) . pergi). 22| Conjunction Answer: burning Answer: dying Answer: moving Answer: reading Answer: sleeping Answer: written Answer: Written Answer: flying Answer: studied Answer: walking Participle |11 12| Participle Conjunction |21 1. “have you delivered the packages to the customers?” “not yet, some are Still ………. Wrapped Answer: being 2. Too many people……… Killed in the traffic accident every year. Answer: are 3. The street was being ……when we passed yesterday. Answer: repaired 4. The shipment of logs………. postponed because of the bad weather. Answer: has been 5. Komodos are ………to be descended from dinosaurs. Answer: Believed 6. Love letter is …….by Ronald. Answer: written 7. Are we about to have dinner? yes, it is ……..in the dinning room. Answer: being served 8. A: “I heard you decided to take up tennis” B: “yes, I have…….. Playing everyday” Answer: been 9. The baby will be …….. after by our neighbor while we are away. Answer: looked 10. Fooball …..Play by Ali. Answer: is 20| Passive Voice Connective |13 BAB III Connective Connective word are words to link ideas, so that there is a unity in a paragraph. Kata penghubung adalah kata-kata untuk menghubungkan ide-ide, sehingga ada kesatuan dalam sebuah paragraf. These area connectives commonly used in a discussion text. Connective yang umumnya sering digunakan dalam teks diskusi. Addition And Similarly Likewise As well as Besides Furthermore Also Moreover And then Too Not only..but Also Beside this/ that 14| Connective Meaning Dan demikian pula Juga Maupun Selain Selain Itu Juga Selain itu Dan kemudian Terlalu Tidak hanya…..tapi juga Selain ini/ yang Table Rumus passife voice tenses Passive Simple present To be + V3 Present cont. To be + being + V3 Present perfect Has/have + been + V3 Present per. Cont. Has/have + been being + V3 Simple past Was/were + V3 Past con. Was/were + being + V3 Past perfect had + been + V3 Past perf. Cont. had + been being + V3 Simple future Will be + V3 Future cont. Will be + being + V3 Future perfect Will have + been + V3 Future perf. Cont. Will have + been being + V3 Pasta future Would be + V3 Pasta future cont. Would be + being +V3 Pasta future perfect Would have + been + V3 Pasta future perf. Cont. Would have been being + V3 Modals auxlliary Modals be + V3 Example: Active : she writes a story Passive : a story is written by her Active : she is writing a story Passive : a story is being written by her Active : she has written a story Passive : a story has been written by her Active : she wrote a story Passive : a story was written by her Active : she can written by her Active : she needs to write a story Passive : a story needs to by written Passive Voice |19 Contrast BAB Iv Passive voice PASSIVE ++ SUBJECT VOICE TO (BY+OBJEECT) V3 BE past perfect Modals / To Continuous Was/ Were Have/Has + Been Be Being present Am/ Is/ Are Steps active sentence into the passive voice, or vice versa: 1. Subjects active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence. 2. Objects active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence. 3. Predicate active sentence becomes the key to use to be a passive sentence. 4. Verbs are concatenated into a third form of the verb Langkah-langkah kalimat aktif menjadi kalimat pasif, atau sebaliknya: 1. Subyek kalimat aktif menjadi obyek kalimat pasif. 2. Obyek kalimat aktif menjadi subyek kalimat pasif. 3. Predikat kalimat aktif menjadi kunci penggunaan to be untuk kalimat pasif. 4. Kata kerja di rubah menjadi kata kerja bentuk ketiga However On the other hand Despite In spite of Though But On the contrary Otherwise Yet Instead of Rather Whereas Nonetheless Even though In contrast Consequence As a result Thus So Therefore Consequently It follows that Thereby Eventually Then In that case Comparison In the same way 18| Passive Voice Meaning namun Di sisi lain Meskipun Meskipun Meskipun Tapi Sebaliknya Jika tidak Namun Alih-alih Alih Bahwa Meskipun demikian Meskipun Berbeda Meaning Akibatnya Jadi Jadi Oleh karena itu Akibatnya Oleh karena itu Dengan demikian Akhirnya Lalu Dalam hal Meaning Dengan cara yang sama Connective |15 Like Similarly Whereas While Compared with Seperti Demikian Bahwa Sementara Dibandingkan dengan Example: I like to read books. Furthermore, I enjoy writing.( Saya suka membaca buku. Selain itu, saya menikmati menulis.) 1. The old man is extremely kind ……generous. 2. I looked for my book ……couldn’t find it. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Answer: And Answer: But In my spare time, I enjoy reading novels ……..watching TV. Answer:And I like coffee …..not tea. Answer:But Not only my mother ……..my sister is here. Answer: But Also My brother is mischievous …..diligent. Answer: But She’s smart …….pretty I think. Answer: And I ……my friend go to school together Answer: And I did not withdraw the money ……the bank was closed Answer: For 10. Both of you ……me are rivals Answer: And 16| Connective Passive Voice |17