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WAWAN KURNIAWAN, M.Ag ENGLISH For THE SYARIAH FINANCIAL STUDIES Gunung Djati Press Bandung 2011 Hak Cipta @ Wawan Kurniawan, 2011 Desain sampul: Yus Yulian, S. Sos Cetakan pertama Juli 2010 Oleh : Gunung Djati Press Jl. Raya A.H. Nasution 105 Bandung 40614 Phone: (022) 7800525 Fax. 022-7803936 Web: www.uinsgd.ac.id All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher. PREFACE Bismillahirrahmanirrahim, Some texts of this book was originally taken from the Seventh Confereces of the Law Association For Asia and Western Pacific (LAWASIA), special joint LAWASIA—Licencing Executive Society (LES) session on “Licencing of Industrial and Intelectual Property” held in Bangkok, Thailand August, 1981. The original titel of its text-book was: Investment Law, Cooperation in trade and investment between Free Enterprise and Socialist countries and the examination of the role of State Enterprise. It has been developed and edited so that the title has to be ajusted in accordance with the revised one. The book is presented in a short and consolidated form, otherwise the readers have to study the law and regulations, the government policies and other technicalities which is impossible in such a short period. It is in the writer’s intention to make this short English Book as also a reference on Economic Students. This book is designed to provide basic materials on those skills for students of the Departement of the Islamic Economy. The writer hopes all of the users can take benefits from it as much as possible. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Tajul Arifin, MA. Who was giving me valuable suggestions and comments when we were in English Studying. I also thank Mr. Yus Yulian, S.Sos, for his assistance to edit and type the manuscript from its original draft into final, and to Sunan Gunung Djati Press for publishing it. Last but not least is to my wife Hera Hoeriah, S.Ag, who has helped me and given me moral support. Also special thanks to my children Gerald Kantiant Hermawan and Michelle Hezria Hermawan who have witnessed my busy program which was really a part of the help and support I need. The writer welcomes—any suggestions, especially from my colleagues who teach English, for the improvements in the next edition. Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. Bandung, Juni 2011 Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag CONTENT Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV Preface Content Reading Strategies Introduction PART I : POLICY ORIENTATION : POLITICAL INTEREST NATIONAL INTEREST IN TRADE AND INVESTMENT THE POLICY CHANGES PART II: POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INVESTMENT BY MULTINATIONAL CORPORATION (MNC) THE TREND OF MNC THE POLICY APPROACHES AND PROBLEMS THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC ECONOMY PANCASILA: THE SPIRITUAL BASIS OF INDONESIAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM THE PART OF SPEECH TENSES FIVE BASIC TENSES LINKING BE ( TO BE ) WORD ORDER SENTENCE COMPLEX SENTENCE COMPOUND SENTENCE GERUND MODAL AUXILARIES PASSIVE VOICE THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE NOUN CLAUSE ADVERB CLAUSE THE PARTICIPLE READING STRATEGIES Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page Page page Reading of secondary sources may be undertaken in a number of ways. First you may only want an overview of the content; second, you may want to know in details on some specific point or area of law or other subjects, or thirdly, you may be seeking a critical perspective on certain concepts or values. It is in this latter context that some texts can be of particular assistance in discovering the why of legal rule. A. Reading for an Overview, or in Detail It is always helpful to start by obtaining an overview of any material. If it is a book, look to the contents list first. Consider how the text (either of the book as a whole or a specific chapter) is broken down. Similarly, many articles are devided into different sections, each with a heading and sometimes sub-headings. These should give you some idea of what the text is about, and how useful it will be. Virtually all books will have a short preface, or introduction, telling you something about the contents which can also help to identify the nature of the work. Some journals publish a brief abstract of an article at its beginning, which outlines the argument it contains. Both of these may be of similar assistance. This stage of reading activity is called by scanning, that is, run the eyes over every part (section, chapter etc.) of books, journals, magazines, newspapers etc. After scanning the material, then, to find more specific information you need, but not in detail, you continue to read a certain part of the material. If the material you use is a textbook, you just advised to read its introduction, first and last paragraphs of each chapter anddd its conclusion. If you want to know the content of a specific chapter of a book, then, you read only the first paragraph of the chapter completely, followed by reading the first sentence of each paragraph, and finally you read the last paragraph of the chapter wholly. Do the same for reading an article from a journal or newspaper. This stage of reading activity is called skimming, namely, reading for general idea or topic, without carefully reading or comprehending all details and implications. Skimming is a useful strategy to employ when the reader wants only a superficial understanding of the content of an article or a chapter of a book. Do this before reading in detail. B. Critical Reading If your purpose is critical, in that, for example, you are attempting to analyze or challenge the ideas presented by a particular author, your reading must be directed to that purpose. In that case you must consider how the author has developed his/her argument, has he/she: (a) Made many unsupported or unrecognized assumptions? (b) Reached conclusions unsupported by his/her argument? (c) Ignored counter-arguments that exist? Often, a comparison of different texts can help you sort out the range of arguments and counter-arguments that exist. Do not fall into the trap of being dependent upon a single book or article when constructing any kind of critical analysis. Literary sources may also be of assistance if you are attempting some critical analysis of a case or statutory provisions. The idea that texts can be read critically should also warn us that literary sources are subject to limitations. There are two which particularly important. First, the question of authority, it is wrong to treat books and articles as wholly authoritative. We have already said te counts do not place that much weight on secondary sources, and ultimately that is because texts are not the law itself. The author may be, consciously or unconsciously, advancing one argument over another that could in fact be equally valid. Though so long as you are aware of this, it can be used positively if you are trying to offer a critical analysis of the way the law has developed on a specific point. You should also remember that writers and editors are fallible, and, however much care is taken, substantive mistakes do sometimes appear in books and articles. They do not, and cannot, replace the primary sources. This does not just apply to your normal studying. It is also relevant to exam preparation. Remember that if you revise from the notes you have made on a textbook’s commentary about a case, your answer will be two stages removed from its original sources. Obviously you cannot read every case and section of a statute cited during the year, but at least make sure you are acquainted with the most important primary sources in your subjects. Second, the question of accuracy, it is something of a truism to say that law books are already out of date on the day they are published. Law is a constantly developing subject. Details can change quite frequently, which is why established textbooks are updated by the publication of new editions. Even so, there is always a risk that, before a new edition comes out, the law on your particular point has changed. This means that in using textbooks two things must be remembered. First, always use the late edition of any text. Secondly, even when using the latest edition, be prepared to search your primary sources for any updating that need to be done. The problem with journal articles is even more acute, as those are not updated in the way that books are. Current notes and articles can themselves be a useful way of keeping up to date, but once they become a few years old, they may have to be treated with causation, though, of course, there is no general rule that can tell us when any piece of legal writing is past its ‘sell by’ date. Use those reading strategies in reading the ten passages available in this book. BANKING There are two principal types of banking. One is commercial banking and the other is central banking. A commercial bank proviedes various services to its customers. Two of the services are accepting savings deposits from its customers and providing loans to them. A commercial bank also serves as a place where its customers can pay some of their bills, like those for telephone or electricity. It may also rent safe deposit boxes to its customers. In the USA some commercial banks buy travel tickets for their customers. A central bank also provides loans to its customers. But the customers are not individuals as in the case of a commercial bank. The customers of central banks are government, other commercial banks and financial institutions. A country will have one central bank. In England it is the Bank of England. In our country it is the Bank of Indonesia. The central bank often has the duty of formulating and implementing the country’s monetary and credit policies, usually in co-operation with the government. For us individuals, the commercial bank is more important because it directly provides us with services. We can enjoy the services by establishing an account at the bank. There are two kinds of account. One is the savings account and the other is the current account. One advantage of having a current account is that we can pay using cheques. This means that we don’t have to carry large amounts of money with us, and risk losing it. Most banks, commercial banks, have two kinds of current accounts. One is the minimum balance account and the other is the special account. The former kind requires the customer to maintain in the account a certain amount as a minimum balance, but the bank will charge the customer a fee for each cheque he or she writes. Vocabularies: Commercial Central To provide Various Service To save : : : : : : Komersil; dagang Pusat Memberikan; menyatakan Bermacam-macam Jasa; layanan Menabung Deposit Customer Loan To serve as Bill To rent Duty To formulate To implement Monetary Policy In co-operation with Individual To establish Account Current account Advantage Risk Balance To require To maintain To charge Fee : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Deposito Nasabah Pinjaman Berfungsi sebagai Rekening; tagihan Menyewakan Tugas Merumuskan Melaksanakan Keuangan; yang menyangkut uang Kebijaksanaan Bekerja sama dengan Perseorangan Mendirikan; membuka Rekening Rekening giro Keuntungan Resiko Sisa; saldo Mengharuskan Menjaga agar tetap; memelihara Menarik (ongkos, biaya) Ongkos; biaya THE PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC BANKING The best known feature of Islamic banking is the prohibition on interest. The Qur’an forbids the charging of Riba on money lent. It is important to understand certain principles of Islam that underpin Islamic finance. The Shari’ah consist of the Qur’anic commands as laid down in the Holy Qur’an and the words and deeds of the profhet (puh). The Syari’ah disalows Riba and there is now a general consensus among Muslim economists that Riba is not restricted to usury but encompasses interest as well. The Qur’an is clear about the prohibition of Riba, which is sometimes defined as excessive interest. “O you who believe! Fear Allah and give up that remains of your demand for usury, if you are indeed believers.” Muslim scholars have accepted the word Riba to mean any fixed or guaranteed interest payment on cash advances or on deposits. The rules regarding Islamic finance are quite simple and can be summed up as follows : 1). Any predetermined payment over and above the actual amount of principal is proibited. Islam allows only one kind of loan and that is qard-el-hasan (literally good loan) whereby the lender does not charge any interest or additional amount over the money lent. 2). The lender must share in the profits or losses arising out of the interprise for which the money was lent. Islam encourages Muslims to invest their money and to become partners in order to share profits and risks in the business instead of becoming creditors. As defined in the Shari’ah, or Islamic law, Islamic finance is based on the belief that the provider of capital and the user of capital should equally share the risk of business ventures, whether those are industries, farms, service, companies or simple trade deals. Translated into banking terms, the depositor, the bank and the borrower should all share the risks and the rewards of financing business ventures. 3). Making money from money is not Islamically acceptable. Money is only a medium of exchange, a way of defining the value of a thing; it has no value in itself, and therefore should not be allowed to give rise to more money, via fixed interest payments, simply by being put in a bank or lent to someone else. The human effort, initiative, and risk involved in a productive venture are more important than the money used to finance it. Muslim jurists consider money as potential capital rather than capital, meaning that money becomes capital only when it is invested in business. Accordingly, money advanced to a business as a loan is regarded as a debt of the business and not capital and, as such, it is not entitlled to any return (i.e. interest). 4). Gharar (Uncertainly, Risk or Speculation) is also prohibited. Under this prohibition any transaction entered into should be free from uncertainly, risk and speculation. Contracting parties should have perfect knowledge of the counter values intended to be exchanged as a result of their transaction. Also, paries cannot predermine a guaranteed profit. This is based on the principle of ‘uncertain gains’ which, on a strict interpretation, does not even allow an undertaking from the customer to repay the borrowed principal plus an amount to take into account inflation. The rationale behind the prohibition is the wish to protect the weak from exploitation. 5). Invesments should only support practices or products that are not forbidden or even discouraged—by Islam. Trade in alcohol, for example would not be financed by an Islamic bank; a real-estate loan could not be made for the construction of a casino; and the bank could not lend money to other banks at interest (Quoted from: Anonimous, WWW.parves-vedeo.com). THE MEANING OF MUDHARABAH To understand Mudharabah we must first recognize that usury or moneylending for profit was a total anathema to the early Muslims, and still remains forbidden. Other forms of profit making therefore had to be defined so as not to be confused with this sinful activity. Dharba means something like travel seeking reward or bounty', often interpreted as foreign trade. Such activity was common at the time, and even considered honorable. However, traveling in these days was subject to many threats (bandits, adverse weather, and navigational problems) and this trade was quite risky. Rich merchants (referred to as the financier' from here on) often did not want to accept such risks and therefore hired others (the trader'). In such cases, the financier did not want to be considered a mere money-lender. Mudharabah is therefore a legal term defining the relationship between the two parties in such a trade. The key to recognizing a Mudharabah agreement is to look for a profit splitting ratio. This must be determined in advance and would depend upon many factors such as the type of work and the difficulty. The profit sharing cannot be conditional, nor can it favor one party only. Even if the split is ninety nine to one, that would be valid; one hundred percent would not. Other conditions can be attached a typical one being a time constraint. Both the start and the end of the relationship can be conditional, so long as the conditions are clear and unambiguous. The relationship is be nullified immediately should one of the conditions be broken. In such a case, the trader would get paid only for the work done and the financier would get the whole of the profit remaining. Once a trader had accepted a Mudharabah that trader is bound to look after the interests of the financier as a priority. The trader would need the permission of the financier before accepting another Mudharabah. Without this, any profit made by a second contract would be due to the financier in proportion to the original agreement. Profit cannot be shared before a defined end as it is recognized that losses can result right up until the last moment. The system works because the trust required is a matter between two believers in the same faith. Not only are the two party's actions judged by their peers; both are expected to fear that their actions will be judged by a higher power at the end of their time. No need then even for a handshake. Copyright © 2002-2011 Helium, Inc. All rights reserved. THE ECONOMIC DIMENTION OF ZAKAH If zakah is one of the pillars of Din, it stands to reason that this pillar must stand on a firm foundation. That firm foundation is comprised of each Muslms unshakable conviction, 100% commitment, utter sincerity, and complete dedication to the belief that the Allah-owned resources on the planet must be made available to all creatures and human beings for their sustenance, nourishment, and growth. The Arabic word Zakah, with its root Z-K-W means growth and development. A tree is nourished and grows in the presence of Allah-owned resources such as the soil, the rain, the sun, and the air (56: 63-72; 80: 24-31). Any interference in the flow of any of these resources will retard the growth and development of the tree. Similarly, any individual, group, government, or system which disrupts the natural flow of Allah-owned resources of the planet to all human beings creates an imbalance in society: the rich/poor, the master/slave, the owner/worker. In the west, this awareness is dawning in respect to plants, animal and insect species which are becoming extinct due to this imbalance in nature caused by the actions of human beings. What then, is the position of the Qur’an on the Economic World Order that should prevail, in other words, Zakah? The Qur’an emphasizes the importance of economics in human life. While describing the life of Heaven, the Qur’an says there will be no hunger and no misery there. “There is therein (enough provision) for thee not to go hungry nor to go naked.” (Thaha, 20: 118). Too, the Qur’an teaches us to work for the good of this life, as well as the hereafter (2: 201, 7: 156), in contrast to the mindset of those who consider economic prosperity in this life to be an end in itself. According to the Qur’an, such people live at the animal level : “Verily Allah will admit those who believe and do righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow; while those who reject Allah will enjoy (this world) and eat as cattle eat; and the Fire will be their abode.” (Muhammad, 47:12). As Owner, then, Allah has given us these resources as a trust which we are required to disburse according to His Will (the system of Zakah), which is, to make available to all living creatures according to their needs, without any hindrance or control, the sustenance and provisions of life. It was the Prophet’s (pbuh) unshakable conviction, his utter commitment, and total obedience to this system of Zakah that led to the establishment of the basic infrastructure of a universal, welfare-based economic system in Medina, and which reached its pinnacle during Khalifa ‘Umar’s time when, it is said, hardly anyone was in need of charity. The Prophet (pbuh) lived his life true to this principle: he was not an owner of anything, no land, no possessions; he was merely an enforcer of the Will of Allah—he established the system of Zakah (Quoted from: www.netmuslims.com). ZAKAH: FIRST UNIVERSAL WELFARE SYSTEM The economics of Zakah and its relevance to modern times is a hotly debated issue among both religious and liberal Muslims. Contrary to the beliefs of both religious and secular Muslims, the Prophet’s achievements were based not on ephemeral but on the permanent values of the Qur’an. He brought about the greatest revolution—even an economic and political miracle—in human history. In a very short time after prophet migrated to Medina and implemented the system of shalah and zakah, the economic condition of the people changed. The Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have said: If a single person were to sleep hungry in a town, then God’s protection is lifted from such a town. (Musnad Imam Ahmad). This hadits emphasizes that no one (Muslim or Non-Muslim) under this system should go hungry. Thus this zakah system created the first universal welfare system in human history. It also gradually transformed the existing slave-based economy to a universal welfare-based economy. By the end of the Prophet’s period, the entire Arabian Peninsula enjoyed economic as well as political security. This system reached its pinnacle during khalifa ‘Umar’s time, a time when, history tells us, hardly anyone was in need of charity. What has occured then in the intervening years that the Muslim masses are suffering economic deprivation even though they live in areas with plenty of natural resources? (Quoted from Anonimous: www.netmuslims.com) THE INTEREST Islam forbids both the taking and giving of interest. Modern economists, too, have slowly begun to realize the futility of interest. Keynes suggested the possibility of a zero rate of interest in stationary State, while Harrod advocated its total abolition. A number of modern economists have evolved the maintenance of a banking system without interest. A large number of failures in industrial and commercial enterprises in modern times is due to the high rate of interest charged on the money invested in them. A time comes when the borrower crumbling under heavy interest cannot borrow more money, which results in the failure of his enterprise. Hence this institution is responsible for fluctuations in a number of ways. The wellknown economist Marshall in his principles of Economics (Book IV, Chapter XIX) states, “the danger of not being able to renew his borrowings just at the time when he wants them more, puts him (the borrower) at a disadvantage relatively to those who use their own capital much greater than is represented by the mere interest on his borrowing. And the failure of this renewal may cause him to succumb to what would have been a passing misfortune if he had been using no capital, but his own”. The depression and crisis in trade mostly results from the payment of high rate of interest. The socialists have wrongly attributed such crises to capitalism. In fact interest is the greatest evil of capitalism and it is rather the worst form of capitalism, the Islamic economy, which accepts a form of capitalism without interest has almost eliminated its harmful aspects. The Holy Prophet of Islam has advised Muslims to avoid seven harmful things and the third among these isinterest, He stated,’Although interesttt bbbrings increase, yet its end tends to scarcity’. The Holy Qur’an says, “That which ye given in interest in order that it may increase other peoples’ wealth hath no increase with God; but that which ye give in growth tax, seeking God’s countenance hath increases manifold” (Al-Rum, 30: 39). Even such well-known Economists as Piogu and Fisher have acknowledged the harmful effects of interest in causing commercial fluctuations and industrial crises. Islam favors the formation of joint stock companies and the Arabs were the first to start such companies. Trade partnership was very popular even in the days of the prophet of Islam. He himself had been the business partner of Hazrat Khadija, who later became his wife. Business shares could also be purchased. Thus the Islamic economic principles if strictly followed would eliminate the possibility of accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few and would ensure the greater circulation of money as well as a wider distribution of wealth. Broadly speaking these principles are (1) Zakah or compulsory alms giving (2) The Islamic law of inheritance which splits the property of an individual into a number of shares given to his relations (3) The forbiddance of interest which checks accumulation of wealth and this strikes at the root of capitalism. The sound economic system evolved by Islam if given a fair trial would solve the basic economic problems, which have been troubling the modern world. (Quoted from: Anonimous, www.netmuslims.com). THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC ECONOMY Before to explain the basic princples of Islamic economy, the basic principles of economic of liberalism from an Islamic view is expressed, because it is useful for comparison. Then some of the salient features of basic principles of Islamic economy and their effect on accounting standards setting will be considered. According to Holton (1992, 54-69) the basic principles of economics of liberalism as outlined here, represents an amalgam of ideas derived and adopted from a range of sources. These include the 18th century economist Adam Smith, the neo-classical school of economics and more recent post-war economists such as Milton Friedman. The basic principles of this tradition include: (1) private property rights, (2) individual sovereignty, (3) selfinterest, (4) rationality and (5) self-regulating market. Needless to say, economis as that part of man’s activity which, deals with the production of goods, the amassing of wealth, labor, work, trade and exchange of material objects, etc, has been important in every civilization. From Islamic view, as in other traditional civilization, economics was never considered as a saparate discipline or distinct domain of activity. Consequently, there is no even a word for economics in classical Arabic. The term of iqtishad (economic) being a fair recent translation of the modern term “economics” in Arabic and having a very different meaning in classical Arabic. Where it means primarly moderation and keeping to the golden mean as witnessed by the famous book Ihya Ulum-al-Din, Ghazali. (1971,265). According to Sadr (1994, 51-55), the Islamic economy is composed of three basic components, according to which its theoritical content is defined. Thus it is distinguished from other economic theories in terms of the broad lines of these components, which are: (1) the principle of multi-faceted ownership, (2) the principle of economic freedom within a defined limit, and (3) the principle of social justice. The first principle explains that from Islamic viewpoint ownership is accepted in a variety of form-instead of the principle of onli one kind of ownership, such as, private ownership, public ownership and state ownership. The second of the components of the Islamic economy that is the most important attribute in islamic economy is the principle of social justice. This is embodied in Islam by the elements and guarantees which, Islam provider for the system of the distribution of wealth in Islamic society. The Islamic image of social justice contains two general principles each one of them has its own lines and particularities. The first of them is the principle of general mutual responsibility the other is the principle of social balance. Islam permits difference in wealth within reasonable limit but does not tolerate this difference growing so wide that some people spend their life in luxury and comfort, while the great majority op people are left to lead a life of misery and hunger (Quoted from. Mohammad R. Taheri, www.parvesvedeo.com). PANCASILA: THE SPIRITUAL BASIS OF INDONESIAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM The territory of this country, as a blessing of God, potential economic resources are found abundantly which have not yet been transformed into real economic strength because of—among others—the lack of capital, experience and technology. The Pancasila is the spiritual basis for the institution of the Indonesian economic system and should always be reflected in the economic policy. Economic development requires transformation of potencial economic resources into actual economic strength through capital invesment aand utilization of technology, expanded knowledge and efficientcy, and improved organizational and managerial ability, that efforts to overcome economic decline and further develop the economic potency should be based on the capability and willingness of the Indonesian people themselves. Nevertheless this principle of relying on our own capability and willingness should not lead to reluctance to make use of foreign capital, technology and skill, which, if used correctly, will benefit the national economy, without creating dependence on foreign countries, that available foreign capital should be utilized to maximum advantage, in order to accelerate the economic development of Indonesia which cannot or for a considerable time cannot yet be covered by national capital only, as well as used in other fields and sectors, where Indonesian capital for the time being and in the nearest future does not suffice. It is imperative to devise clean regulations in order to fill the need for capita; for national development, as well as to avoid uncertainty on the part of prospective foreign investors.(Adopted from: Sumantoro, investment Law, Cooperation in investment and The Indonesia Perspective, Binacipta, Bandung, 1982). THE PARTS OF SPEECH Words are devided into different kinds or classes according to (menurut) the purpose (maksudnya) that they are used for. The different kinds of words are called: Parts of Speech. They are eight in number namely: 1. Nouns 2. Pronouns 3. Adjectives 4. Verbs 5. Adverbs 6. Prepositions 7. Conjunctions 8. Interjections 1). NOUNS. A noun is a word used for naming some person or thing: Jhon; man; sheep; fish; house; rice; water; gold. THE KINDS OF NOUNS: Nouns are devided in five different kinds: (1. Proper (2. Common (3. Collective (4. Material (5. Abstract a). A CONCRETE NOUN denotes 9menyatakan) things which can be seen, touched (pegang) or tasted (rasa): house; water. b). A PROPER NOUN denotes one particular (special) person or thing as distinct (perbedaan) from every other: Harahap; Jhon; Mary; Semarang; England. c). A COMMON NAOUN denotes no one person or thing in particular, but is common (biasa) to any (every) person or thing of the same kind: man; boy; girl; animal; town; country. d). A MATERIAL NOUN denotes the substance (bahan) of which things are made: rice; water; fish. Observe (perhatikan) : Common Noun : Fish live in water Material Noun : Fish is good for food. e). COLLECTIVE NOUN denotes a group or collection (kumpulan) of similar (yang sama0 individuals (benda atau orang), considered (dianggap) as one complete whole: a sheep = common noun sekumpulan sheep disebut “a flock” = collective noun. f). AN ABSTRACT NOUN denotes quality (kwalitas), state (keadaan) or action (perbuatan), which can not be seen or touched: quality : cleverness = kepintaran state : poverty = kemiskinan action : movement = gerakan 2). PRONOUNS. A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun or nounequivalent (yang sama dengan). Dari definisi di atas teranglah, bahwa suatu kata yang mengganti suatu noun atau yang sama dengan noun disebut “pronoun”. Marilah kita ambil contoh yang berikut: Ali saw a snake in the garden, this snake Ali thought would hurt Ali, unless Ali killed the snake with a stick, this stick Ali had in Ali’s hand. Nouns yang dicetak tebal dalam kalimat diatas dapat diganti dengan katakata lain. Kata-kata pengganti nouns itu adalah “pronouns”. Observe (perhatikanlah): Ali saw a snake in the garden, which He thought would hurt him, unless he killed it with a stick, which he had in his hand. Semua kata-kata yang dicetak tebal adalah “pronouns”. THE KINDS OF PRONOUNS. There are four different kinds of pronouns: a. Personal Pronoun b. Demonstrative Pronoun c. Relative Pronoun d. Interrogative Pronoun. 3). ADJECTIVES. An adjective is a word used to qualify (menerangkan) a noun. The chief use (guna yang utama) is to show the kind (macam), point (titik = letak), size (ukuran), state (keadaan), number (jumlah) of a noun: A mango tree; this tree; the tall tree; a good tree; some tree. 4). VERBS A verb is a word used for saying something about some person or thing. Verb are subdivided into : 1. Transitive Verbs 2. Intransitive verbs 3. Auxiliary Verbs. a). TRANSITIVE VERBS. Transitive verbs express actions that can pass over to a person or thing. Transitive verb menyatakan perbuatan-perbuatan yang dapat menuju kepada orang atau benda. Contoh : badu writes a letter; Badu eats rice; b). INTRANSITIVE VERBS. Intransitive verb express actions that cannot pass over to a person ar thing. Contoh : Badu laughs; Badu sleeps; c). AUXILIARY VERBS. An auxiliary verb is one which helps to form a tense or mood (cara) of some other verbs: To be : The letter is written by Badu To have : Badu has written the letter Can : Badu can write the letter May : Badu may write the letter Must : Badu must write the letter Shall : I shall write the letter Will : Badu will write the letter Ought : Badu ought to help you. 5). ADVERBS. An adverb is a word used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or pronoun. “adverb” ialah kata yang menjadi keterangan pada sesuatu kata yang lain, kecuali noun atau pronoun. Kata-kata yang dipakai sebagai keterangan kepada noun atau pronoun disebut “adjective”. Contoh : a. He is a bad man = adjective b. He writes badly = adverb. 6). PREPOSITIONS. A preposition is a word placed before a noun or nounequivalent to show in what relation the person or thing denoted thereby stands to something else; Kata perangkai (depan) ialah kata yang ditulis didepan noun atau yang sama dengan noun, untuk menunjukkan perhubungan orang atau benda yang dinyatakan oleh kata itu dengan benda lain: Ali sits on the table; The book is under the table. Kata-kata “on” dan “under” menyatakan perhubungan noun ALI dengan TABLE serta BOOK dengan TABLE. 7). CONJUNCTIONS. A conjunction is a word used to join words together or one sentence to another sentence: Badu and Ali came here yesterday: I know, that you are ill; 8). INTERJECTIONS. An interjection is a word or sound (suara) to express some feeling (perasaan) of the mind: Hurrahh! : I am very glad Auwww! : it is a pity. TENSES SIMPLE PRESENT DO/DOES PAST DID FUTURE WILL/SHALL/BE PAST FUTURE WOULD/SHOULD CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (+) We go to school everyda y (-) we don’t go to schoo l every day (?) do we go to school every day IS/AM/ARE (+) You went to school yesterday. (-) you did not go to school yesterday. (?) did you go to school yesterday? (+) You are going to school now (-) You are not going to school now (?) are you going to school now (+) I was going to school, when you phoned. (-) I was not going to school when you phoned. (?) were you going to school when I phoned? HAD + V3 HAVE/HAS + V3 (past participle) WAS/WERE (+) She has gone to Bandung. (-) She has not gone to Bandung (?) Has She gone to Bandung? (+) You had gone to school, when she came. (-)You had not gone to school, when she came. (?) Had You gone to school, when she came. HAVE/HAS + BEEN HAD + BEEN GOING TO (+) They will go to school tomorrow. (-) They will not go to school tomorrow. (?) Will They go to school tomorrow? (+) I would go to school yesterday. (-) I would not go to school yesterday. (?) Would you go to school yesterday? WILL/SHALL + BE (+) Mother will be going to Bandung next week. (-) Mother will not be going to Bandung next week. (?) Will Mother be going to Bandung next week? WOULD/SHOULD + BE (+) I should be going to school later. (-) I should not be going to school later (?) Would you be going to school later? WILL/SHALL + HAVE WOULD/SHOULD + HAVE (+) I hope that next mont You will have gone to Bandung where you will have worked there. (-) I hope that next mont You will not have gone to Bandung where you will have worked there. (?) Will You have gone to Bandung where you will have worked there? WILL/SHALL + HAVE BEEN (+) We should have come if you had invited us. (-) We should not have come if you had not invited us. (?) Should We have come if you had invited us? WOULD/SHOULD + HAVE BEEN (+) Ahmad has been going to Bandung since two hours ago. (-) Ahmad has not been going to Bandung since two hours ago. (?) Has Ahmad been going to Bandung since two hours ago? (+) Ahmad had been going to Bandung before his parent came. (-) Ahmad had not been going to Bandung before his parent came. (?) had Ahmad been going to Bandung before his parent came? (+) By the end of this month, we shall have been going to Bandung for two weeks. (-) By the end of this month, we shall not have been going to Bandung for two weeks. (?) By the end of this month, shall we have been going to Bandung for two weeks? (+) Tina would have been studying English for nine months by last june. (-) Tina would not have been studying English for nine months by last june. (?) Would Tina have been studying English for nine months by last june. TIME SIGNALS SIMPLE PRESENT (TIME SIGNAL) Everyday Always PAST (TIME SIGNAL) Yesterday The day before FUTURE (TIME SIGNAL) Tonight Tomorrow PAST FUTURE (TIME SIGNAL) Yesterday Usually Sometimes Often generally CONTINUOUS PERFECT PERFECT CONTINUOUS (TIME SIGNAL) Now Right now At present Today This morning This afternoon To night yesterday Last week Last month Last year Two days ago Two weeks ago Two months ago Two years ago (TIME SIGNAL) When While (relative pronoun) Conjuction: adverb of time The day after tomorrow Last for an hour Nexst week Next month Next year (TIME SIGNAL) Next Sunday The day after tomorrow Tomorrow Next week Next month Next year, etc (TIME SIGNAL) Already Almost Ever Never Yet (TIME SIGNAL) When Before By the end of the year By the end of.... etc (TIME SIGNAL) By six o’clock Next month Before the end of next month ect (TIME SIGNAL) Since two hours ago For six years All day etc (TIME SIGNAL) For two weeks When Before etc (TIME SIGNAL) By the beginning of this year By the end of this month By the end of 1990 etc FIVE BASIC TENSES Five Basic Tense adalah : 1. The Present Tense 2. The Past Tense Just now Two days ago etc (TIME SIGNAL) Later Next Sunday The day after tomorrow Tomorrow Next week Next month Next year, etc (TIME SIGNAL) Pengandaian By six o’clock Next month Before the end of next month ect (TIME SIGNAL) Pengandaian By the beginning of this year By the end of this month By the end of 1990 etc 3. The Future Tense 4. The Present Continuous Tense 5. The Present Perfect Tense 1) THE PRESENT TENSE : Tense for things that we do on a regular basis, something we do every day. Time markers : usually, every..., generally, often, seldom, once a week, today...). The simple present tense adalah tenses yang paling banyak digunakan, karena paling banyak maka pembahasannya juga akan lebih panjang. Arti Simple yaitu sederhana, sedangkan present adalah sekarang. Jadi bisa dikatakan bahwa simple present adalah tenses (pola kalimat) yang digunakan untuk menceritakan waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana. Nama lain daripada Present adalah bentuk I (pertama). Formula : Subject + V1 (V1+S) + Object Example : I drive to work every day 2) THE PAST TENSE : Tense for events that have finished, done, ready; (time markers : yesterday, last..., in 19..., this year, ...ago). Formula : Subject + V2 + Object Example : I drove to work yesterday. I drove my father’s car last week. 3) THE FUTURE TENSE : We use this tense for things that we intend to do in the future. Future tense atau simple future digunakan untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang akan terjadi. Future tense adalah tentang NANTI. Sesuatu arti katanya Future yaitu “masa depan”. Karena itu dalam future tense penggunaan kata will/shall yang artinya akan pastilah mendominasi. Shall jarang digunakan, biasanya shall untuk subjek I dan we ( I shall..atau We shall..) dan tidak untuk yang lain. Tetapi lebih sering orang pakai I will...dan We will...jadi untuk I dan We boleh pakai baik will atau Shall. Sedangkan subjek yang lain seperti He, She, It, You dan They, semuanya menggunakan Will. Formula Simple Future Tense : Subject + Will/Shall + V1 + Object Example : I will drive to work tomorrow. 4) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE : Tense for things that are happening now, “as we speak”. (Time Markers : now, at the moment, at present). Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung saat ini. Perbedaan dengan simple present adalah kejadian yang terjadi pada kalimat ini adalah kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada saat ini dan belum selesai (sedang dikerjakan/terjadi). Sedangkan Present Continuous adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi saat ini tanpa membicarakan saat kejadian dan keberlangsungan dari kejadian tersebut. Formula Present Continuous : Subject + am/are/is + V1+ing + Object Example : I am driving to work now...can you call me later? 5) THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE : We use this tense for events that started in the past, are still relevant now, but may or may not change in the future. For this tense we use has or have plus the past participle. (Time Markers : for, since) Formula Present Perfect : Subject + have/has + V3 + Object Example : I have driven to work ever since I could drive. LINKING BE (TO BE) To be (am, are, is) berarti ada atau adalah, tetapi dalam bahasa Indonesia, pada umumnya to be tidak diterjemahkan. To be digunakan sebagai penghubung antara subjek dan predikat. Predikat dalam suatu kalimat dapat terdiri atas : a) Kata Sifat (adjective) b) Kata Benda (noun) c) Kata Keterangan atau tambahan (adverb) d) Kata Kerja (verb) yang menyatakan sedang melakukan sesuatu. To be menghubungkan subjek dan predikat, to be dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan subjek (pelaku). Contoh : a) Predikat kalimat kata sifat : 1) I am happy = saya gembira 2) You are right = anda benar 3) He is handsome = ia (laki-laki) tampan 4) She is beautiful = ia (perempau) cantik 5) It is wild = ia (binatang) buas 6) We are healthy = kami sehat 7) You are rich = kalian kaya 8) They are diligent = mereka rajin b) Predikat kalimat kata benda : 1) I am a teacher = saya (adalah) seorang guru 2) You are a physician = kamu seorang dokter 3) He is a student = ia seorang siswa 4) She is a singer = ia seorang penyanyi 5) It is a bag = itu (benda) sebuah tas 6) We are Dutch = Kami orang Belanda 7) You are physicists = Kalian ahli ilmu alam 8) They are jornalists = mereka wartawan c) Predikat kalimat kata keterangan : 1) I am in the room = Saya di dalam kamar 2) You are in the class = Kamu di dalam kelas 3) He is in the bathroom = Dia di kamar mandi 4) She is in the garden = Dia berada di kebun 5) It is there on the table = itu (benda) disana di atas meja 6) We are at home = Kami di rumah 7) You are in the park = Kalian berada di taman 8) They are in the zoo = Mereka berada di kebun binatang d) Predikat kalimat kata kerja yang menyatakan sedang melakukan sesuatu : 1) I am reading a book = saya sedang membaca buku 2) You are studying English = Kamu sedang belajar Bahasa Inggris 3) He is sitting = Ia sedang duduk 4) She is watching TV = Dia (perempuan) sedang menonton televisi 5) It is eating grass = Ia (binatang) sedang makan rumput 6) We are drinking lemonade = Kami sedang minum lemon 7) You are working hard = Kalian sedang bekerja keras 8) They are sleeping = Mereka sedang tidur Macam-macam bentuk kalimat : 1) Affirmative Sentence Kalimat berita, dengan tanda (+) 2) Negative Sentence Kalimat menyangkal, dengan tanda (-) 3) Interrogative Sentence Kalimat tanya, dengan tanda (?) 4) Negative Interrogative Sentence Kalimat tanya menyangkal, dengan tanda (-?) 5) Imperative Sentence Kalimat perintah, dengan tanda (!) Pemakaian to be dalam bentuk lima kalimat, tetapi harus diperhahtikan dulu : 1) Kalimat berita, contoh-contohnya telah disebutkan dalam butir-butir a, b, c, dan d di atas. 2) Dalam kalimat negative, kita tambahkan not sesudah to be He is not handsome = Ia tidak tampan 3) Dalam kalimat interrogative to be kita letakan di depan subjek Is he handsome? = Apakan Ia tampan ? 4) Dalam kalimat negative interrogative, to be yang ditambah dengan not itu diletakan di awal kalimat. Isn’t He handsome? = Tidakkah Ia tampan ? 5) Dalam kalimat imperative, to be tidak berubah dan be diletakan di awal kalimat. Be careful, please = berhati-hatilah Kata please boleh diletakan di awal atau di akhir kalimat. Catatan : Kalau kata please diletakan di awal kalimat, tanda koma tidak dipakai setelah please; please be careful. Akan tetapi jika please berada di posisi akhir kalimat, tanda koma dipakai sebelum please; be careful, please. Kalau kata please digunakan baik posisi di awal maupun di akhir kalimat, maka kalimat-kalimat itu semuanya diakhiri dengan titik. Namun, jika please di hapus, kalimat-kalimat perintah itu harus diakhiri tanda seru; be careful! Keterangan : 1) Am dipakai untuk kata ganti orang pertama tungal, atau dengan kata lain, am berpasangan dengan I. 2) Are dipakai untuk kata ganti orang (personal pronoun) yang berbentuk jamak dan kata ganti orang kedua tunggal. Atau dengan kata lain, are berpasangan dengan we, you (tungal dan jamak) dan they. 3) Is dipakai untuk kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal. Atau dengan perkataan lain, is berpasangan dengan he, she dan it. 4) Untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, pasangannya juga is. Contoh: a) This ink is black b) This paper is white c) This water is hot. WORD ORDER A. Definisi : Word Order adalah penyusunan beberapa kata dalam bentuk suatu frase atau kalimat. B. Frase Kata Benda (Noun Phrase) An intelegent young man A beautiful large round wooden table Dengan melihat contoh di atas cara penyusunan kata dalam bentuk frase kata benda mempunyai arti yang sangat penting. My book D H My expensive book D EH My expensive history book D E C H My very expensive old history book D O E C H 1. Determiner a. Articles : a, an, the b. Possessive : my, your, her, his, our, their c. Demonstratives : this, these, that, those d. Quantities : Some, many, much, a lot of, few, a litle 2. Ordinative a. Numeral : one, two, three, first, second, single, double. b. Kata sifat yang memiliki tingkatan: ∆ comparative : er, more ∆ superlative : est, most, very 3. Ephitet : kata sifat dalam bentuknya yang masih asli. A handsome boy ▪ Bila dalam satu frase terdapat lebih dari satu ephitet, maka urutannya : a. Quality : Beautiful, nice, expensive, wonderful b. Character : Calm, wild, wise, bed-tempered. c. Size : Big, small, short, tall d. Age : Young, old, new e. Temperature : Hot, cold, warm f. Participle : V-ing, V-3, bored, tired, annoying, interesting g. Shape : Square, triangle, green h. Color : White, black, green 4. classifier : Kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat. Wooden Table M H Indonesian Singer M H 5. Head : Heard Word : Kata utama dalam suatu frase. A beautiful Singer D E H Jenis-jenis adverb dan penempatannya a. Adverb of Place ▪ In Surabaya ▪ on the table ▪ Here ▪ Every Where 1) I study in Surabaya I study Biology in Surabaya 2) My mother cooks in the kitchen My mother cooks fish in the kitchen. b. Adverb of Time ▪ every day ▪ last night ▪ tomorrow ▪ now □ Diletakan diawal atau diakhir kalimat. ▪ We are studying English now Now we are studying English c. Adverb of Frequency □ Setelah subjek untuk kalimat verbal, setelah kata kerja utama untuk kalimat nominal. ▪ She always visits her parents ▪ She is never late ◊ always ◊ sometimes ◊ usually ◊ often ◊ never ◊ ever ◊ occasionally d. Adverb of Manner ◊ Carefully ◊ Lazily ◊ Perfectly ◊ Happily ◊ Nicely ◊ Beautifully ▪ Diletakan setelah kata kerja atau setelah objek kalau ada. 1. Michelle is singing nicely Michelle is singing a pop song nicely 2. My sister studies hard My sister studies English hard C. Word Order Dalam Kalimat a. Kalimat Berita ( + , - ) Kalimat berita dalam Bahasa Inggris mempunyai susunan subjek + Predikat. Predikat dapat berupa to be, kata kerja (verb) atau frase kata kerja (verb phrase) yang diikuti oleh unsur kalimat yang lain seperti Adverb, Adjective, dll. Examples : ▪ She is beautiful ▪ She is dancing beautifully ▪ She is dancing Jaipong beautifully b. Kalimat Tanya ( Interrogative Sentence ). Pola dasar kalimat tanya mempunyai susunan to be, auxiliary verb (modal) + Subjek dan diikuti oleh unsur kalimat yang lain. Examples : ▪ Is Jhon writing a novel ? ▪ Does Romeo buy a book ? ▪ Will Juliet meet you to night ? Penambahan kata tanya tidak mempengaruhi pola dasar kalimat tanya. ▪ Why do you come late ? ▪ where does she study math ? SENTENCE A sentences is a combination (gabungan) of words expressing (menyatakan) a complete though (pikiran). Every sentences may be divided into two parts: “SUBJECT and PREDICATE”: I know; you are ill. COMPLEX SENTENCE Complex Sentence atau kalimat majemuk bertingkat adalah kalimat gabungan antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 1. Adjective Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang difungskan sebagai sifat. 2. Independent Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang lengkap (aim clause). 3. Dependent Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang belum lengkap (sub clause) ia harus digabungkan dengan independent clause. a. I thanked the woman b. She helped me c. He is serving us now d. The water was polite and palient e. The roses are pink f. They look so fresh g. I like the lady h. She was visiting me yesterday morning. 1. A. RELATIVE PRONOUN Relative Pronoun as Subject – Active - Verbal Subject pada Sub Clause yang berupa pronoun conjuction : - Who : Person - Which : Non Person - That : Person / Non Person 1. They have good fun My cats are funny - My cats which have good fun are funny 2. She is watering the flower now The lady is beautiful - The lady who is watering the flower now is beautiful. 3. I dislike the boy He visited me last night - I dislike the boy who visited me last night 4. The man is handsome He was visiting me yesterday morning - The man who was visiting me yesterday morning is handsome. B. Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Passive – Verbal 1. My car is expensive It is cleaned by someone - My car which is cleaned by someone is expensive 2. He is being visited by a beautiful lady Rony was naughty - Rony who is being visited by a beautiful lady was naughty. C. Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Active – Nominal 1. Anita will get an award from our president She is a kind student - Anita who is a kind student will get an award from our president 2. He was my classmate Agung is buying a new car now - Agung who was my classmate is buying a new car now. D. Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Active / Passive – Verbal / Nominal 1. My teacher is from Australia She has worked for our school for 2 years - My teacher who has worked for our school for 2 years is from Australia. 2. Zahro helped me last night She has been my friend since we were in senior high school - Zahro who has been my friend since we were in senior high school helped me last night. 3. The man is patient He has been waiting for us for 2 hours - The man who has been waiting for us for 2 hours is patient. 4. My room looked clean It had been painted while - My room which had been painted while looked clean. 2. RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT Conjuction : Whom Which That : : : Person Non Person Person / Non Person 1. The man is patient I love him - The man whom I love is patient 2. The dog was cruel I found it last year - The dog which I found last year was cruel 3. This is a painting I painted last night - This is the painting which I painted last night. 3. RELATIVE PRONOUN AS POSSESIVE Conjuction Whose : Person Of Which : On Person 1. I met the lady Her house was on fire last month - I met the lady whose was on fire last month 2. The house was old Its windows were shot by arobber - The house of windows were shot by a robber was old 4. RELATIVE ADVERB a. Adverb OF Place Conjuction : Where Preposition + Which 1) The building is very old He lives there (in that building) The building where he lives is very oled The building in which he lives is very old The building which he lives in is very old The building that he lives in is very old b. Adverb Of Time Conjuction : - Where - Preposition + Which 1. I will never forget te day I met you then (on that day) I will never forget the day when I met you I will never forget the day on which I met you I will never forget the day that I met you COMPOUND SENTENCE Definisi : Compound Sentence adalah menggabungkan antara Induk Kalimat dan Induk Kalimat. Ada tiga jenis conjuctions untuk menggabungkan compound sentence. A. Coordinate Conjuction 1. 2. 3. 4. a. And d. But g. So b. Or e. For c. Nor f. Yet I will write a letter. I will write a short story I will write a letter and a short story I bring a pen. I bring a book I bring a pen and a book You can go by a bus. You can go by a car You can go by a bus and by a car She can’t buy a car, for she doesn’t have money B. Correlative Conjuction Correlative Conjuction merupakan padanan yang digunakan bersamasama dan biasanya menyatakan pengecualian dan pencantuman. Correlative Conjuction harus diikuti oleh susunan tata bahasa yang sama, dengan kata lain harus dalam bentuk parallel structure. 1. Both.......................and.......................... 2. Not only............................but also............................... 3. Neither.............................nor................................. 4. Either................................or................................... 1) He is not a farmer. He is not a lawyer He is neither a farmer nor a lawyer 2) I buy a lux house. I buy an expensive car I buy both a lux house and an expensive car 3) Sinta is a smart student. Santi is a smart student Both Sinta and Santi are smart students C. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Conjunctive Adverb Moreover Then However Therefor Furthermore Also Besides Otherwise 9. On the other hand 10. As a result 11. Accordingly 12. Consequently 13. In fact 14. For this reason 15. Mmeanwhile 16. nevertheless Examples: - It was cold nevertheless, I went swimming - I always eat breakfast. Otherwise, I get hungry during class GERUND Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan Fungsi Gerund 1. Sebagai Subjek Examples : ▪ fishing is his hobby ▪ Eating makes us full 2. Sebagai Objek a. Object Complement = Kalimat Nominal Ex: His Hobby is fishing Her pavorite activity is cooking b. Object Non-Complement Ex : They enjoy playing football It started raining c. Object after After Bound Prepositon 1. After Noun Preposition Ex : There is reason for leaving so early John has no excuse for dropping out of school 2. After Adjective Preposition Ex : Mary is fond of dancing I am sorry for coming late 3. After Verb Preposition Ex : I never give up studying English Hery is thinking of going abroad. 3. Sebagai adverb after free preposition (without, after, before, besides, by, for) Ex : without saying anything, he went away After washing the rice, Rina cooked it 4. Sebagai Modifier →Masuk dalam bagianClassifier →Memiliki ar : alat yang digunakan untuk Ex : ▪ Fishing Area ▪ Meeting Hall ▪ Sewing Machine 5. Sebagai Head (pe—an atau ke—an) → Disertai oleh Modifier sebagai penanda Head Ex : ▪ The Feeling ▪ My Coming ▪ Poem Reading OTHER USES OF GERUND 1. Digunakan dibelakang frase-frase berikut : ▪ it’s no use ▪ It’s no fun ▪ It’s no good ▪ It’s no worth ▪ It’s no foolish Examples : ◌ It’s no use talking o that man ◌ Is there any fun playing football alone ? ◌ Is it worth repairing the car ? 2. Digunakan dibelakang NO........., membentuk kalimat pendek yang menyatakan larangan atau peringatan. Examples : ▪ No Loitering (dilarang mondar mandir) ▪ No Spitting (dilarang meludah) 3. Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kegiatan rekreasi dengan pola, → Formula : GO + GERUND Examples : ▪ Go camping ▪ Go shopping ▪ Go hunting FORM OF GERUND ACTIVE PASSIVE PRESENT V-ing Being + V3 PERFECT Having + V3 Having + Been + V3 1. Present Gerund (Active) Examples : ▪ I am afraid of coming late ▪ Running is good for your health ▪ She dreads getting wet 2. Present Gerund (Passive) Examples : ▪ The baby is afraid of being kidnapped ▪ Do you like given some money ? 3. Perfect Gerund (Active) Examples : ▪ They enjoy having played football ▪ I am afraid of not having passed the exam 4. Perfect Gerund (Passive) Examples : ▪ She appreciated having been rewarded as the best student ▪ Many children enjoy having been taken to the zoo REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND Admit Advise Anticipate Appreciate Consider Delay Deny Discuss Forget Can’t Help Keep Mention Postpone Practice Quit Recall Regret Remember Resent Resist Suggest Tolerate understand Examples : Avoid Dislike Mind Recollect Risk Complete Enjoy Finish Miss Recommend Stop ▪ He denied killing the robber ▪ She always avoids meeting me ▪ We enjoy living in this tinny village REFERENCE LIST OF VERB FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFINITIVE Afford Agree Appear Arrange Ask Beg Consent Decide Demand Deserve Expect Fail Hesitate Hope Learn Manage Mean Need Prepare Pretend Promise Refuse Regret Remember Plan Seem Offer Sear Threaten Volunteer Care Wait Want Wish Claim struggle Examples ▪ My friends beg me to join with them : ▪ They prepare to go to Bali ▪ She promise to lend me 2 history books ▪ Michelle pretends to sleep ▪ My mother wants me to get married ▪ Shifa reminds me not to smoke in the class ▪ Yani theaches her child to cook fish → The following verbs can be followed by either the infini ve or the gerund with now change in meaning. Begin Like Try Hate Start Dread Regret Continue Prefer Can’t Stand love Examples : ▪ I start working / I start to work ▪ She continued reading / She continued to read ▪ Romeo began to study / Romeo began studying VERBS + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND → If a verb + Preposi on, adjec ve + Preposi on, Noun + Preposi on, or Preposition alone is followed directly by a verb, the verb always be in the gerund form. The following list of verb + Prepositon. Approve of Give up Rely on Worry alone Be better of Insist on Count on Keep on Think about Depend on Put off Think off Succeed in Examples : ▪ My father gives up smoking ▪ Rima succeed in working in Jakarta ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND → The following adjec ve + Preposition are also followed by the Gerund Accustomed to Capable of Intent on Successful in Afraid of Fond of Interested in Tired of Examples : ▪ They afraid of meeting a ghost ▪ My sister fond of dancing NOUN + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND → The following noun + Preposi on are also followed the gerund Choice of Excuse for Reason for (Method of) Possibility of Intention of Method for Examples : ▪ We have reason for refusing our cheaf ▪ Our teacher has a good method for teaching ADJECTIVE FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE. → The following adjec ves are always followed by the infini verb and never by the gerund. Anxious Boring Dangerous Eager Easy Good Pleased Prepared Ready Usual Common difficult Examples : ve form of the Hard Strange Able ▪ She is boring to meet you ▪ I am ready to go to concert MODAL AUXILARIES Modal adalah kata kerja bantu yang digunakan bersama-sama verb untuk membantu mengekspresikan arti: 1. Possibiliti (mungkin). Conclusion Past Form : modal + have + V3 Modal Used are : 1. Will 2. Must 3. Should 4. Ought to 5. May 6. Might 7. Could Examples: - Roni always studies hard. He always goes to school and he is never absent. He gets good mark. He must pass the exam nexy month. Yasmin : Where is Akbar? Rofi : I don’t know where he is now. He m ay be going to hospital because I saw him visiting a doctor. 2. Impossibility (tidak mungkin). Modal: 1. Couldn’t 2. Can’t 3. Must not 4. May not 5. Might not Examples: - I have just seen Akbar eaten a huge meal, he has already eaten 2 plates of rice. Akbar couldn’t be hungry now. Nunung is going to Surabaya now. She is shopping in Tunjungan Plaza. She can’t be visiting me now. Zahra couldn’t be hungry because I have seen her ate 2 plates of rise. 3. Habitual Action in The Past (kebiasaan yang terjadi di masa lampau/dulu terbiasa). Modal : 1. Would 2. Used to Examples: - My father would read me a story at night before I go to bed when I was child. I used to study English at night when I was in Senior High School. 4. Wishes (semoga, harapan, do’a). Modal: 1. May Examples: - May God bless us May you be the winner 5. Request (Permintaan) Modal: 1. Can 2. May 3. Shall 4. Will 5. Might 6. Could 7. Would Examples: - Could I borrow your pen? May I visit your sister? 6. Permission Modal: 1. Can 2. Could 3. May 4. Might Examples: - They used in positive affirmative form. He could accompany may beautiful sister if he keeps his promise. They may attend that concert if they buy the ticket. 7. Ability (kemampuan/dapat, bisa). Modal : 1. Can : present / future 2. Could : Past only 3. Be able to : All tenses Examples : - He can run fast now Wawan could run fast without stopping when he was twenty I am able to dance Bali nicely 8. Prohibition (larangan, tidak boleh) Modal: 1. Must not → Present Future Examples : - You must not smoke in the class when class begins They mustn’t go to Bandung now. 9. Necessary (Keinginan yang kuat, harus) Modal : 1. Must →present, future 2. Have to → present 3. Had to → past Examples : - If you want to pass in your test, you must study harder. They had to forgive their patient teacher. 10. Suggestion (nasehat, sebaiknya, seharusnya) Modal : 1. Could Example: (It is often used to give more than one solution). Rini is confused to choose her major subject in University. I say, “you could choose in a departement that is proper with what you want or you would share to your teacher to see your talent”. 11. Advisability (nasehat, sebaiknya) Modal: 1. Should = seharusnya/sebaiknya Future) 2. Ought to = seharusnya/sebaiknya Future) 3. Had Better = lebih baik Should digunakan untuk ; - You should respect your parent You ought to practice what has you gotten 12. Expectation (Pengharapan) Modal : (Past, Present, (Past, Present, 1. Be to = Harus 2. Be supposed to = Seharusnya Be to dan Be Supposed to sering digunakan untuk menyatakan aktifitas yang sudah terjadwal. Be Supposed to digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa orang pertama meminta orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu. Example : - Our headmaster is supposed to give a naughty boy punishment. 13. Preference (Kesukaan, lebih suka) Modal : 1. Would Rather If the sentence compares between two things (S + Would Rather + V1...........than V1............= formal) She would rather write a novel than plag the guster (S + Would rather + V1............than to.............= informal) - I would rather hurt my self than to ever make you cry. (S + Prefer + O to O) - I prefer Rambutan to Banana (S + Prefer + V ing .............to V ing) - She prefer drinking coffee to drinking tea (S + Prefer + to Infinitive ............. (to) to Infinitive .................) - My father prefers to watch TV to wash a car 14. Semi Modal - A. Need 1. As Noun Meaning : Kebutuhan - Eating is human basic need 2. As Verb (need, needed, needed) Meaning : Kebutuhan - They need you - I need an Umbrella 3. As Modal Auxilary Meaning : membutuhkan, memerlukan - You needn’t visit your naughty friend B. Dare 1. As Noun Meaning : tantangan - Don’t care their dare 2. As Verb (dare, dared, dared) Meaning : menantang - Muhammad Ali dares Hollifield to fight 3. As Modal Meaning : Berani, menantang - I dare dare you - The man dare pass the area himself at night PASSIVE VOICE A. PENGERTIAN DAN POLA PASSIVE VOICE Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang di dalam Bahasa Indonesia menggunakan kata kerja berawalan “di” (dipanggil, ditulis, dijual dan sebagainya). Passive Voice ini tidak akan pernah lepas dari bahan percakapan sehari-hari meupun di dalam buku-buku bacaan. Dalam Bahasa Inggris kalimat pasif menggunakan pola : TO BE + VERB-III Pola ini berlaku untuk semua tenses yang ada. Tentu saja “To Be” dalam kalimat harus disesuaikan dengan tenses dan subjek yang dipergunakan. Namun demikian bentuk pasif “been being” dan “be being” jarang sekali dipakai. Aturan-aturannya merubah kalimat dari aktif ke pasif (The rules of Passive Voice) adalah : 1. The sentence must have oject (transitive verb). It must have question word which asks object. 2. Object in active will be subject in passive. 3. Subject in active will be object in passive. 4. We must use past participle (verb-III). 5. The arrange of sentence depends on tenses. I). SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Pattern : Is, Are, Am, + Verb-III For Example : 1. I write a letter (active) A letteris written by me (passive). 2. I don’t write a letter A letter is not written by me. 3. Do you write a letter? Is a letter written by you? 4. Who writes a letter? By whom is a letter wtitten? 5. What do you write? What is written by you? 6. What do you do? What is done by you? 7. Whom do you miss? Who is missed by you? 8. Why do you miss me? Why am I missed by you? 9. Where do you write a letter? Where is a letter written by you? 10. When does he cook a noodle? When is a noodle cooked by him? II). PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Is, Am, Are + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. I am reading a book A book is being read by me 2. I am not reading a book A book isn’t being read by me 3. Are you reading a book? Is a book being read by you? 4. Who is reading a book? By whom is a book being read? 5. What are you reading? What is being read by you? 6. What are you doing? What is being done by you? 7. Whom are they looking at? Who is being looked at by them? 8. When are you taking a book? When is a book being taken by you? 9. How many students is she teaching? How many students are being tought by her? 10. Whose aunt are you helping? Whose aunt is being helped by you? III). PRESENT PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Have/Has + been + Verb-III For Example : 1. They have brought a pen A pen has been brought by them 2. They haven’t brought a pen A pen hasn’t been brought by them 3. Have they brought a pen? Has a pen been brought by them? 4. Who has brought a pen? By whom has a pen been brought? 5. What have they brought? What has been brought by them? 6. What have they done? What has been done by them? 7. What has eaten grass? By What has grass been eaten? 8. Whom has she seen? Who has been seen by her? 9. How long have you spoken Arabic? How long has Arabic been spoken by you? IV). PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Have/Has + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. We have been cutting grass Grass has been being cut by me 2. I haven’t been cutting grass 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Grass hasn’t been being cut by me Have I been cutting grass? Has grass been being cut by me? Who has been cutting grass? By whom has grass been being cut? What have I been cutting? What has been being cut by me? What have you been doing? What has been being done by you? Whom have you been killing? Who has been being killed by you? How long have you been watching television? How long has television been being watched by you? V). SIMPLE PAST TENSE Pattern : Was/were + Verb-III For Example : 1. I took money Money was taken by me 2. I didn’t take money Money wasn’t taken by me 3. Did you take money? Was money taken by you? 4. Who took money? By whom was money taken? 5. What did you take? What was taken by you? 6. What did you do? What was done by you? 7. What ate a mouse? By what was a mouse seaten? 8. Whom did you see? Who was seen by you? 9. Whose child did you help? Whose child was helped by you? 10. Whose father helped you? By whose father were you helped? 11. Which girl loved him? By which girl was he loved? 12. Which girl did he love? Which girl was loved by him? VI). PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Was/Were + being + Verb-III For Example : 1. She was telling story Story was being told by her 2. She wasn’t telling story Story wasn’t being told by her 3. Was she telling story? Was story being told by her? 4. Who was telling story? By whome was story being told? 5. What was she telling? What was being told by her? 6. What was she doing? What was being done by her? 7. What was killing a dog? By what was a dog being killed? 8. Whom were you looking at? Who was being looked at by you? 9. Whose father was helping him? By whose father was he being helped? 10. Whose father were you helping? Whose father was being helped by you? 11. How many teachers were teaching us? By how many teachers were we being tought? 12. How many teachers was she looking at? How many teachers were being looked at by her? VII). PAST PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Had + Been + Verb-III For Example : 1. He had studied English English had been studied by him 2. He hadn’t studied English English hadn’t been studied by him 3. Had he studied English? Had English been studied by him? 4. Who had studied English? By whom had English been studied? 5. What had he studied? What had been studied by him? 6. What had he done? What had been done by him? 7. What had eaten rice? By what had rice been eaten? 8. Whom had they seen? Who had been seen by them? 9. What for had you bought a knife? What for had a knife been bought by you? VIII). PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern: Had + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. They had been studying English English had been being studied by them 2. They hadn’t been studied English 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. English hadn’t been being studied by them Had they been studying English? Had English been being studied by them? Who had been studying English? By whom English been being studied? What had they been studying? What had been being studied by them? What had they been doing? What had been being done by them? What had been cassava eating? By what had cassava been being eaten? Whom had they been waiting for? Who had been being waited for by them? How had you been studying English? How had English been being studied by you? IX). SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Pattern : Will + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I will buy a pen A pen will be bought by me 2. I won’t buy a pen A pen won’t be bought by me 3. Will you buy a pen? Will a pen be bought by you? 4. Who will buy a pen? By whom will a pen be bought? 5. What will you buy? What will be bought by you? 6. What will you do? What will be done by you? 7. What will kill her? By what will she be killed? 8. Whom will you love? Who will be love by you? X). FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Will + Be + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. I will be speaking Sundanese Sundanese will be being spoken by me 2. I won’t be speaking Sundanese Sundanese won’t be being spoken by me 3. Will you be speaking Sundanese? Will Sundanese be being spoken by you? XI). FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Will + Have + Been + Verb-III For Example : 1. You will have sung a song A song will have been sung by you 2. You won’t have sung a song A song won’t have been sung by you 3. Will you have sung a song? Will a song have been sung by you? XII). FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Will + Have + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. She will have been reading magazine Magazine will have been being read by her 2. She won’t have been reading magazine Magazine won’t have been being read by her 3. Will she have been reading magazine? Will magazine have been being read by her? XIII). SIMPLE PAST FUTURE Pattern : Would + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. We would solve this problem This problem would be solved by us 2. We wouldn’t solve this problem This problem wouldn’t be solved by us 3. Would we solve this problem? Would this problem be solved by us? XIV). PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Would + Be + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. I would be doing homework Homework would be being done by me 2. I wouldn’t be doing homework Homework wouldn’t be being done by me 3. Would you be doing homework? Would homework be being done by you? XV). PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE Pattern : Would + Have + Been + Verb-III For Example : 1. You would have seen flower Flower would have been seen by you 2. You wouldn’t have seen flower Flower wouldn’t have been seen by you 3. Would I have seen flower? Would have flower been seen by you? XVI). PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Pattern : Would + Have + Been + Being + Verb-III For Example : 1. They would have been killing a cow A cow would have been being killed by them 2. They wouldn’t have been killing a cow A cow wouldn’t have been being killed by them 3. Would they have been killing a cow ? Would a cow have been being killed by them ? B. MODAL PASSIVE VOICE 1). Present Modal Pattern : Will, Shall, Can, May, Must, Have to + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I will speak Japanese Japanese will be spoken by me 2. I can speak Japanese Japanese can be spoken by me 3. I can’t speak Japanese Japanese can’t be spoken by me 4. Can you speak Japanese? Can Japanese be spoken by you? 5. Who can speak Japanese? By whom can Japanese be spoken? 6. What can you speak? What can be spoken by you? 7. What can you do? What can be done by you? 8. You may take a bag A bag may be taken by you 9. I must study Arabic Arabic must be studied by me 10. What must you study? What must be studied by you? 11. Who must study Arabic? By whom must Arabic be studied ? 12. What must you do ? What must be done by you? 13. I have to speak Arabic Arabic has to be spoken by me 14. I don’t have to speak Arabic Arabic doesn’t have to be spoken by me 15. Do you have to speak Arabic? Does Arabic have to be spoken by you ? 16. Who has to speak Arabic ? By whom does Arabic have to be spoken ? 17. What do you have to speak ? What has to be spoken by you ? 18. What do you have to do ? What has to be done by you ? 19. What has to eat rice ? By what does rice have to be eaten ? 20. Whom do you have to see ? Who has to be seen by you ? 21. To Be Going To Pattern : To be going to + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I am going to speak english (active) English is going to be spoken by me (passive) 22. To Be Able To Pattern : To Be Able To + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I am able to speak Arabic Arabic is able to be spoken by me 2. I will be able to spppeeeak Chinese Chinese will be able to be spoken by me 2). PAST MODAL Pattern : Would, Should, Could, Might, Had To + Be + Verb-III For Example : 1. I would see you You would be seen by me 2. You would study English English would be studied by you 3. He could sing a song A song could be sung by him 4. You might take an umbrella An umbrella might be taken by you 5. I had to sell a book A book had to be sold by me 6. I didn’t have to sell a book A book didn’t have to be sold by me 7. Did you have to sell a book ? Did a book have to be sold by you? 8. Who had to sell a book ? By whom did a book have to be sold ? 9. What did you have to sell ? What had to be sold by you ? 10. What did you have to do ? What had to be done by you ? 11. What had to kill me ? By what did I have to be killed ? 12. Whom did you have to kill ? Who had to be killed by you ? Notes : 1) Bentuk pasif biasanya juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dilakukan tidak dengan sengaja, atau dalam Bahasa Indonesia sepadan dengan arti “TER” dalam kalimat berikut ini : a. I was woken up by that noise ( Saya terbangnkan oleh suara gaduh itu ) b. I was surprised to see him ( saya terkejut melihat dia ) c. I am interested in foreign language ( saya tertarik pada bahasa asing ) d. The door is locked ( pintu itu terkunci ) e. The window is opened ( jendela itu terbuka ) f. The room is closed ( kamar itu tertutup ) 2) Kadang-kadang bentuk aktif (terutama infinitive) sering mempunyai arti atau dimaksudkan untuk menyatakan pasif. Contoh : a. This book is easy to understand ( buku ini mudah untuk difahami ) b. He has a large family to support ( Dia mempunyai keluarga besar yang harus dibantu ) c. I have bought a new book to read ( Saya telah membeli sebuah buku baru untu dibaca ) d. There are many problems to solve ( Terdapat banyak masalah untuk dipecahkan ) e. There are many difficult to overcome ( Terdapat banyak kesulitan untuk diatasi ) 3) Jika kita melarang melakukan sesuatu kepada orang lain dengan melibatkan kata kerja “di”, maka setelah kata “don’t” harus diletakan “be”. Contoh : 4) a. b. c. a. Don’t be killded ! ( jangan dibunuh ) b. Don’t be thrown ! ( Jangan dibuang ) c. Don’t be hurt ! ( Jangan disakiti ) d. Don’t be locked down ! ( Jangan dihina ) e. Don’t be written ! ( Jangan ditulis ) f. Don’t be heard ! ( Jangan didengar ) Jika dalam kalimat aktif terdapat dua objek, maka kedua-duanya dapat dijadikan subjek dalam kalimat pasif. Contoh : Aktif : He gave me a book ( I was given a book by him ) passive ( a book was given to me by him ) passive Aktif : She was bringing them a parcel ( They were being brought a parcel by her ) passive ( a parcel was being brought to them by her ) passive Aktif : they lend me a pen ( I am lent a pen by them ) passive ( a pen is lent to me by them ) passive THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE Qualitative Adjective adalah suatu adjective yang menerangkan bentuk atau keadaan suatu benda Qualitative Adjective mempunyai tiga tingkatan yang disebut Degree of Comparison. 1. Positive Degree of Comparison = Setara 2. Comparative Degree of Comparison = Lebih 3. Superlative Degree of Comparison = Paling/ter... A. Positive Degree of Comparison Digunakan untuk membanndingkan dua hal yang setara dan bila dua hal yang dibandingkan tersebut tidak setara maka ketidaksetaraannya dinyatakan dalam kalimat negatif. Conjuction : As .......................... as = (kalimat + , -) Perbandingannya kata sifat So .......................... as = (kalimat -) Artinya : sama ...........................nya dengan / se .......................... Example : She is as beautiful as Desy Ratnasari (is) Namun bila perbandingannya berupa kata benda seperti : length, weight, age, color, etc. Maka konjuctionnya kalimat (+,-) : the same.............as Example : My ruler is the same length as her ruler (is). B. Comparative Degree of Comparison : Lebih Formula : Comparative + Than = Lebih ........................... Dari Much / Far + Comparative + Than = Jauh Lebih ................... Dari Example : Sinta is 20 years old = Sinta is younger than Santi Santi is 25 years old = Santi is older than Sinta □ Double Compara ve 1. General Double Comparative Formula : The Comparative ........................., the comparative .......................... Artinya : Semakin ........................, Semakin ....................................... Ciri-cirinya : ▪ Adjective yang digunakan berbeda ▪ Terletak di depan Examples : ◌ Semakin dalam, semakin sempit narrower ◌ Semakin jauh kuberjalan, semakin lelah kurasakan the more tired I feel. 2. Gradual Degree of Comparison Formula : Comparative and Comparative = The deeper, the = The farher I walk, Artinya : Semakin lama semakin ........................... Ciri-cirinya : ▪ Adjective yang digunakan selalu sama ▪ Terletak dalam kalimat Examples : Dian semakin lama semakin kurus = Dian is Thinner and Thinner C. superlative Formula : The + Superlative + in /of/ among Artinya : Paling / ter ...... di / diantara .................. Examples : Name Age Andi is the youngest among them, ani is the Andi 18 oldest among them Ali 20 Ani 22 ATURAN MEMBUAT TINGKAT PERBANDINGAN A. Penambahan Er untuk tingkat Komparatif (lebih) dan Est untuk tingkat Superlatif (paling) digunakan bila : 1. Kata-kata sifat yang memiliki satu suku kata Cheap Cheaper Cheapest Murah Short Shorter Shortest Pendek Rich Richer Richest Kaya Great Greater Greatest Besar 2. Kata-kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang tekanan suaranya jatuh pada suku kata kedua Polite Politer Politest Sopan Impolite Impoliter Impolitest Tidak sopan Sincere Sincerer Sincerest Tulus 3. Kata-kata sifat yang berakhir dengan huruf mati dan didahului oleh satu huruf hidup, maka huruf mati (konsonan) terakhir ditulis double (ganda). Big Bigger Biggest Besar Fat Fatter Fattest Gemuk Sad Sadder Saddest Sedih Glad Gladder Gladdest Gembira/Suka Thin Thinner Thinnest Kurus 4. Kata-kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran dengan huruf ER, LE, OW, SOME, dan Y (dibelakang konsonan). Clever Cleverer Cleverest Pandai Simple Simpler Simplest Sederhana Shallow Shallower Shallowest Dangkal Handsome Handsomer Handsomest Ganteng 5. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf – Y dan sebelum huruf –Y itu huruf mati, maka huruf –Y itu ditukar menjadi huruf –i sebelum ditambah ER dan EST. Pretty Prettier Prettiest Cantik Dry Drier Driest Kering Holy Holier Holiest Suci Heavy Heavier Heaviest Ringan 6. Tetapi bila sebelum huruf –Y pada kata sifat itu adalah uruf hidup, maka hanya langsung ditambah ER dan EST. Gay gayer Gayest Gray Grayer Grayest 7. Jika kata-kata sifat beraturan berakhir dengan huruf –E, maka langsung ditambah dengan –R atau ST. Large Larger Largest Besar Able Abler Ablest Dapat Strange Stranger Strangest Asing PENGECUALIAN : Pleased More Pleased Most Pleased Tired More Tire Most Tired Fond More Fond Most Fond Glad More Glad Most Glad B. Pemakaian MORE dan MOST di depan kata sifat sebagai berikut : 1. Kata Sifat yang terdiri dari 3 suku kata atau lebih. Beautiful More Beautiful Most Beautiful Difficult More Difficult Most Difficult Careful More Careful Most Careful Diligent More Diligent Most Diligent Expensive More Expensive Most Expensive 2. Kata Sifat yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata dengan tekanan suara jatuh pada suku kata pertama. Modern More Modern Most Modern Famous More Famous Most Famous Modest More Modest Most Modest Perfect More Perfect Most Perfect C. Tingkat perbandingan dari kata-kata sifat yang tak beraturan (Irregular degree of comparison). Positive Comparative Superlative Good Better Best Bad (ill, evil) Worse Worst Fore (depan) Former Foremost, First Hind (belakang) Hinder Hindmost Late Later, Latter Latest, Last Little (kecil) Smaller Smallest Much (quantity) More Most Many (number) More Most Nigh (dekat, hampir) Nigher Nighest, Next Old Older, Elder Oldest, Eldest Near (dekat) Nearer Nearest, Next NOUN CLAUSES INTRODUCTION A noun is used as a subject or an object A noun clauses is used as a subject or an object, in other word, a noun clause is used in the same ways as a noun. a. His Story was interesting In (a) : story is a noun, it is as the b. What he said was interesting subject of the sentence In (b) : what He said is a noun clause. It is used as the subject of the sentence. The noun clause has its own subject (he) and verb (said). c. I heard his story d. I heard what he said In (c) : story is a noun. It is as the object of the verb heard In (d) : what he said is a noun clause. It is used as the object of the verb heard. WORD USED TO INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES 1. Question words 2. Wheter 3. That When Who Whose If Where Whom Why What How Which NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD QUESTION (a) I don’t know In (a) : Where she Where does she live? where She lives. lives is the object of What did He say? (b) I couldn’t hear the verb know. Don’t what He said. use question word When do they arrive? (c) Do you know order in a noun when they clause, the subject arrive? precedes the verb. Notice : does, did an do are used in question but not in noun clauses. S V S Who lives there? V In (d) : the word What happened? (d) I don’t know who order is the same in Who is at the door? lives there both the question (e) Please tell me and the noun clause what happened because who is the (f) I wonder who is subject in both at the door. S V S Who is she? V In (g) : she is the Who are those men? Whose house is that? ▪ Compare : who is at the door? who are those men? plural. (g) I don’t know who she is (h) I don’t know who those men are (i) I wonder whose house that is subject of the question, so it is placed in front of the verb be in the noun clause.▪ = who is the subject of he question = those men is the subject of the question, so be is ADVERB CLAUSE Adverb clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb (keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk, jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam kalimat tunggal. Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb, yaitu : A. Adverbial Clause of Time Adverbial Clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after, before, when, as, as soon as, untill, while. After a. After she graduates, she will get a job. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. After she (had) graduated, she got a job. Before I will leave before he comes. I (had) left before he come. When When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. When I got there, he had already left. When t began to rain, I stood under a tree. When I was in Chicago, I visited the museums. When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him Whille As While I was walking home, it began to rain. As I was walking home, it began to rain. By the Time By the time he arrived, we had already left. By the times he comes, we will already have left. Since I haven’t seen him since he left this mornin. Untill We stayed there untill we finished our work. Till We stayed there till we finished our work. As soon as As soon as it stops rainin, we will leave. Once Once it stops raining, we will leave. As long as I will never speak to him again as long as I live. So long as I will never speak to him again so long as I live. Whenever Whenever I see her, I say hello. Every time Every time I see her, I say hello. The first time The first time I went to New York, I went to an The last time opera. The next time x. I saw two plays the last time I went to New York. y. The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet. B. Adverbial Clause of Place Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau whenever Contoh : Siska lives where she was born C. Adverbial Clause of Reason Because a. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed b. He went to bed because he was sleepy Since c. Since he is not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert Now That d. Now that the semester is finished, I am going to rest a few days and then take a trip. As e. As she had nothing in particular to do, she call up a friend and ask her if she wanted to take in a movie. As long as/so f. As long as (so lon as) you are not busy. Could you long as help me with this work? In as much as g. In as much as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote. D. Adverbial Clause Of Purpose and Result Adverbial clause of purpose and result diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that, in order that. Contoh : Tony studies hard so that he would pass admission test. E. Adverbial Clause of Concession Adverbial clause of concession diawali dengan konjungsi though, although, eventhough. Contoh : Although it was raining, they went to the party. Eventhough a. Even though it was cold, I went swimming Although b. Although it was cold, I went swimming though c. Though it was cold, I went swimming F. Adverbial Clause of Condition Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless, providing/provided that, on condition that. Contoh : we will not be able to answer the question if we do not read the text. G. Adverbial Clause of Contrast Adverbial clause of contrast diawali dengan konjungsi while, whereas, but, however, on the other hand. Whereas a. Mary is rich, whereas Jhon is poor While b. Mary is rich, while Jhon is poor c. Jhon is poor. While mary is rich d. Whereas Mary is rich, Jhon is poor But e. Mary is rich, but Jhon is poor f. Jhon is poor, but Mary is rich However g. Mary is rich, however jhon is poor On the other h. Jhon is poor, however, Mary is rich hand i. Mary is rich, on the other hand Jhon is poor j. Jhon is poor. Mary, on the other hand is rich H. Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect Adverbial clause of cause and effect diawali dengan konjungsi so, such... 1. S + Verb + So + Adjective + sentence Adverb Terry run so fast that he could be the winner 2. S + Verb + So + Man’s + plural count noun + that + sentence Few I had so few job offers that it was not difficult to select one. 3. S + Verb + So + Much + non = count noun + sentence Little 4. S + Verb + Such + Adjective Singular count noun + that + sentence Atau S + Verb + So + adjective Singular count noun + that + sentence a/an + It was such a hot day that we go swimming It was so hot a day that we go swimming 5. S + Verb + Such + Adjective + (plural count noun) + Non = count noun) + that + subject + Verb This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it. PARTICIPLE Participle adalah V-ing dan V-3 yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja dan kata sifat dalam kalimat. Participle dibedakan : 1. Present Participle (V-ing) a. Sebagai kata kerja Present Participle sebagai kata kera terdapat dalam semua tenses continuous. Example: - They had been finishing their duty when you came - I am sleeping b. Sebagai kata sifat Karena Present Participle ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, maka bisa membentuk kalimat nominal dan fhrase kata benda. Example : Kalimat Nominal Kalimat Phrase - The book is interesting - Interesting book - The girl is charming - Charming girl - The boy is confusing, etc - Boiling water, etc 2. Past Participle (V-3) a. Sebagai kata kerja Past Participle sebagai kata kerja terdapat dalam semua tenses perfect dan passive voice. Example : - I have finished my duty for 3 hours. - She was given money by her mother. b. Sebagai kata sifat Seperti halnya Present Participle, maka past participle juga bisa membentuk kalimat nominal dan phrase kata benda. Examples : Kalimat Nominal Kalimat phrase - He is confused They are worried I am tired, etc Present Participle after Special Verbs - Fried chicken Roasted corn Polluted water, etc a. Verb of Sensation (notice, observe, find, smell, fel, hear, listen. (to), watch, see). Form : S + V + O + Present Participle Example : - I smell something burning - He saw me passing b. After Spend / waste Form : S + Spend / Waste + time/money + Present Participle Examples : - I want to spend my life time loving you Don’t waste your time doing nothing! REFERENCES Abrams, Kathleen S. Communication at Work, Prentice Hall, 1986, London. Anonimous (n.d), Economics—Its Concept and Purpose in Islam, parvezvedeo.com. Anonimous (n.d) Learning Accounting and Bookkeeping Basics Accounting System Basics: a Quick Primer, www.accounting-and-bookkeepingtips.com. 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Nama NIP/NIK Tempat dan Tanggal Lahir Alamat Kantor Alamat Telp / Faks Alamat Rumah Telp / Faks Alamat E-mail CURRICULUM VITAE : Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag : 19721031 200710 1 001 : Bandung, 31 Oktober 1972 : : : : UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Jl. A.H. Nasution No. 105 Cibiru Bandung 022-7802278, 7802844 Gg. Budi I No. 14 RT 01 RW 04 KEL. Cipadung KEC. Cibiru Kota Bandung : 085294483322/(022) 92747273 : [email protected] Tahun Lulus 1998 2003 Tahun 2008 2009 Mata Kuliah Filsafat Hukum Islam Bahasa Inggris Mata Kuliah RIWAYAT PENDIDIKAN PERGURUAN TINGGI Program Pendidikan Perguruan Tinggi Jurusan/ (diploma, Sarjana, Program Studi Magister, Spesialis, dan Doktor) Program Pendidikan IAIN SGD Perdata Pidana Sarjana (S1) Bandung Islam Program Pendidikan IAIN SGD Konsentrasi Magister (S2) Bandung Hukum dan Pranata Sosial Islam PELATIHAN PROFESIONAL Jenis Pelatihan ( Dalam/Luar Penyelenggara Negeri) Diklat Prajabatan Golongan III Balai Diklat dan Ketenagaan (Dalam Negeri) Departemen Agama Propinsi Jawa Barat Lembaga Desain Pembelajaran Penelitian UIN SGD Bandung PENGALAMAN MENGAJAR Program Institusi/Jurusan/Program Pendidikan Studi Sarjana (S1) UIN SGD Bandung Sarjana (S1)` UIN SGD Bandung PRODUK BAHAN AJAR Program Jenis Bahan Ajar (Cetak Pendidikan dan Noncetak) Jangka Waktu 1 Bulan 20 Jam Sem/Tahun Akademik 2005 s/d sekarang 2005 s/d sekarang Sem / Tahun Akademik Bahasa Inggris 1 Bahasa Inggris 2 Sarjana (S1) Buku—Cetak Sarjana (S1) Buku—Cetak 2007 s/d sekarang 2008 s/d sekarang PENGALAMAN PENELITIAN Tahun Judul Penelitian Ketua / anggota Sumber Dana Tim 1998 Mekanisme kependudukan pribadi pribadi kelurahan Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru Kota Bandung ditinjau dari fiqh Dusturiyah 2003 Reformasi Hukum Pribadi Pribadi Kewarisan dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia KARYA ILMIAH* A. Buku/Bab Buku/Jurnal Tahun Judul Penerbit / Jurnal 2007 English for The Islamic Economy Sunan Gunung Djati Studies Press 2008 English Writing Skills Sunan Gunung Djati Press B. Makalah / Poster Tahun Judul 2009 Makalah : Filsafat dan Metodologi Hukum Islam 2009 Makalah : Metodologi Hukum Islam dan Ilmu Ushul Fiqh 2010 Makalah : Metode Kasyfiyah 2010 Makalah : Metodologi Hukum Islam Sunni Tahun penyelenggara Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum KONFERENSI / SEMINAR / LOKAKARYA / SIMPOSIUM Judul Kegiatan Penyelenggara Panitia / Peserta / Pembicara Peserta 2007 Workshop Strategi Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris di PTAI Pusat Bahasa UIN SGD Bandung 2009 Seminar Internasional Hukum Islam dalam Konteks Persaudaraan Bangsa Serumpun International Seminar Pembangunan Manusia Di Indonesia Fakultas Syari’ah dan Hukum UIN SGD Bandung dan UKM Malaysia Peserta Fakultas Syari’ah dan Hukum UIN SGD Bandung peserta 2009 KEGIATAN PROFESIONAL / PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT Tahun Jenis / Nama Kegiatan tempat 2009 Bedah Rumah Warga miskin RT 04 RW 04 Kelurahan Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru Kota Bandung 2009 Mendirikan Sekolah Menengah RT 02 RW 03 Kelurahan Kejuruan (SMK) Bhakti Mandiri Cipadung Kecamatan Cibiru Kota Bandung JABATAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN INSTITUSI Peran / Jabatan Institusi (Univ, Fak, Jurusan, Lab, Tahun ........... Studio, Manajemen Sistem Informasi s.d ............. Akademik dll) Staf Ahli/Sekpri Dekan Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum 2008 - 2009 Staf Jurusan Jurusan PMH Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum 2010 -2011 Tahun 2007 2008 PERAN DALAM KEGIATAN KEMAHASISWAAN Jenis / Nama Kegiatan Peran tempat Narasumber Diskusi Pengembangan Auditorium UIN Wirausaha Mahasiswa, SGD Bandung LIKM KBM UIN SGD Bandung Narasumber Seminar Nasional Auditorium UIN Revitalisasi SGD Bandung Pengembangan Lembaga Keuangan Syari’ah di Indonesia, HMJ Muamalah UIN SGD Bandung Bandung, Juni 2011 (Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag) NIP: 19721031 200710 1 001