Download THE SYARIAH FINANCIAL STUDIES

WAWAN KURNIAWAN, M.Ag
ENGLISH
For
THE SYARIAH FINANCIAL STUDIES
Gunung Djati Press
Bandung
2011
Hak Cipta @ Wawan Kurniawan, 2011
Desain sampul: Yus Yulian, S. Sos
Cetakan pertama
Juli
2010
Oleh :
Gunung Djati Press
Jl. Raya A.H. Nasution 105
Bandung 40614
Phone: (022) 7800525 Fax. 022-7803936
Web: www.uinsgd.ac.id
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written
permission of the publisher.
PREFACE
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,
Some texts of this book was originally taken from the Seventh
Confereces of the Law Association For Asia and Western Pacific (LAWASIA),
special joint LAWASIA—Licencing Executive Society (LES) session on
“Licencing of Industrial and Intelectual Property” held in Bangkok, Thailand
August, 1981.
The original titel of its text-book was: Investment Law, Cooperation in
trade and investment between Free Enterprise and Socialist countries and
the examination of the role of State Enterprise. It has been developed and
edited so that the title has to be ajusted in accordance with the revised one.
The book is presented in a short and consolidated form, otherwise
the readers have to study the law and regulations, the government policies
and other technicalities which is impossible in such a short period. It is in the
writer’s intention to make this short English Book as also a reference on
Economic Students. This book is designed to provide basic materials on those
skills for students of the Departement of the Islamic Economy. The writer
hopes all of the users can take benefits from it as much as possible.
I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Tajul Arifin, MA. Who was giving me
valuable suggestions and comments when we were in English Studying.
I also thank Mr. Yus Yulian, S.Sos, for his assistance to edit and type
the manuscript from its original draft into final, and to Sunan Gunung Djati
Press for publishing it.
Last but not least is to my wife Hera Hoeriah, S.Ag, who has helped
me and given me moral support. Also special thanks to my children Gerald
Kantiant Hermawan and Michelle Hezria Hermawan who have witnessed my
busy program which was really a part of the help and support I need. The
writer welcomes—any suggestions, especially from my colleagues who teach
English, for the improvements in the next edition.
Wassalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb.
Bandung, Juni 2011
Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag
CONTENT
Unit 1
Unit 2
Unit 3
Unit 4
Unit 5
Unit 6
Unit 7
Unit 8
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
Preface
Content
Reading Strategies
Introduction
PART I : POLICY ORIENTATION : POLITICAL
INTEREST
NATIONAL INTEREST IN TRADE AND
INVESTMENT
THE POLICY CHANGES
PART II: POLITICAL ECONOMY OF
INVESTMENT BY MULTINATIONAL
CORPORATION (MNC)
THE TREND OF MNC
THE POLICY APPROACHES AND PROBLEMS
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC ECONOMY
PANCASILA: THE SPIRITUAL BASIS OF
INDONESIAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM
THE PART OF SPEECH
TENSES
FIVE BASIC TENSES
LINKING BE ( TO BE )
WORD ORDER
SENTENCE
COMPLEX SENTENCE
COMPOUND SENTENCE
GERUND
MODAL AUXILARIES
PASSIVE VOICE
THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE
NOUN CLAUSE
ADVERB CLAUSE
THE PARTICIPLE
READING STRATEGIES
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
page
Reading of secondary sources may be undertaken in a number of
ways. First you may only want an overview of the content; second, you may
want to know in details on some specific point or area of law or other
subjects, or thirdly, you may be seeking a critical perspective on certain
concepts or values. It is in this latter context that some texts can be of
particular assistance in discovering the why of legal rule.
A. Reading for an Overview, or in Detail
It is always helpful to start by obtaining an overview of any material.
If it is a book, look to the contents list first. Consider how the text (either of
the book as a whole or a specific chapter) is broken down. Similarly, many
articles are devided into different sections, each with a heading and
sometimes sub-headings. These should give you some idea of what the text is
about, and how useful it will be. Virtually all books will have a short preface,
or introduction, telling you something about the contents which can also help
to identify the nature of the work. Some journals publish a brief abstract of
an article at its beginning, which outlines the argument it contains. Both of
these may be of similar assistance. This stage of reading activity is called by
scanning, that is, run the eyes over every part (section, chapter etc.) of
books, journals, magazines, newspapers etc.
After scanning the material, then, to find more specific information
you need, but not in detail, you continue to read a certain part of the
material. If the material you use is a textbook, you just advised to read its
introduction, first and last paragraphs of each chapter anddd its conclusion. If
you want to know the content of a specific chapter of a book, then, you read
only the first paragraph of the chapter completely, followed by reading the
first sentence of each paragraph, and finally you read the last paragraph of
the chapter wholly. Do the same for reading an article from a journal or
newspaper. This stage of reading activity is called skimming, namely, reading
for general idea or topic, without carefully reading or comprehending all
details and implications. Skimming is a useful strategy to employ when the
reader wants only a superficial understanding of the content of an article or a
chapter of a book. Do this before reading in detail.
B. Critical Reading
If your purpose is critical, in that, for example, you are attempting to
analyze or challenge the ideas presented by a particular author, your reading
must be directed to that purpose. In that case you must consider how the
author has developed his/her argument, has he/she:
(a) Made many unsupported or unrecognized assumptions?
(b) Reached conclusions unsupported by his/her argument?
(c) Ignored counter-arguments that exist?
Often, a comparison of different texts can help you sort out the range
of arguments and counter-arguments that exist. Do not fall into the trap of
being dependent upon a single book or article when constructing any kind of
critical analysis. Literary sources may also be of assistance if you are
attempting some critical analysis of a case or statutory provisions.
The idea that texts can be read critically should also warn us that
literary sources are subject to limitations. There are two which particularly
important.
First, the question of authority, it is wrong to treat books and articles
as wholly authoritative. We have already said te counts do not place that
much weight on secondary sources, and ultimately that is because texts are
not the law itself. The author may be, consciously or unconsciously,
advancing one argument over another that could in fact be equally valid.
Though so long as you are aware of this, it can be used positively if you are
trying to offer a critical analysis of the way the law has developed on a
specific point. You should also remember that writers and editors are fallible,
and, however much care is taken, substantive mistakes do sometimes appear
in books and articles. They do not, and cannot, replace the primary sources.
This does not just apply to your normal studying. It is also relevant to
exam preparation. Remember that if you revise from the notes you have
made on a textbook’s commentary about a case, your answer will be two
stages removed from its original sources. Obviously you cannot read every
case and section of a statute cited during the year, but at least make sure you
are acquainted with the most important primary sources in your subjects.
Second, the question of accuracy, it is something of a truism to say
that law books are already out of date on the day they are published. Law is a
constantly developing subject. Details can change quite frequently, which is
why established textbooks are updated by the publication of new editions.
Even so, there is always a risk that, before a new edition comes out, the law
on your particular point has changed. This means that in using textbooks two
things must be remembered. First, always use the late edition of any text.
Secondly, even when using the latest edition, be prepared to search your
primary sources for any updating that need to be done. The problem with
journal articles is even more acute, as those are not updated in the way that
books are. Current notes and articles can themselves be a useful way of
keeping up to date, but once they become a few years old, they may have to
be treated with causation, though, of course, there is no general rule that can
tell us when any piece of legal writing is past its ‘sell by’ date. Use those
reading strategies in reading the ten passages available in this book.
BANKING
There are two principal types of banking. One is commercial banking
and the other is central banking. A commercial bank proviedes various
services to its customers. Two of the services are accepting savings deposits
from its customers and providing loans to them. A commercial bank also
serves as a place where its customers can pay some of their bills, like those
for telephone or electricity. It may also rent safe deposit boxes to its
customers. In the USA some commercial banks buy travel tickets for their
customers.
A central bank also provides loans to its customers. But the
customers are not individuals as in the case of a commercial bank. The
customers of central banks are government, other commercial banks and
financial institutions. A country will have one central bank. In England it is the
Bank of England. In our country it is the Bank of Indonesia. The central bank
often has the duty of formulating and implementing the country’s monetary
and credit policies, usually in co-operation with the government.
For us individuals, the commercial bank is more important because it
directly provides us with services. We can enjoy the services by establishing
an account at the bank. There are two kinds of account. One is the savings
account and the other is the current account. One advantage of having a
current account is that we can pay using cheques. This means that we don’t
have to carry large amounts of money with us, and risk losing it.
Most banks, commercial banks, have two kinds of current accounts.
One is the minimum balance account and the other is the special account.
The former kind requires the customer to maintain in the account a certain
amount as a minimum balance, but the bank will charge the customer a fee
for each cheque he or she writes.
Vocabularies:
Commercial
Central
To provide
Various
Service
To save
:
:
:
:
:
:
Komersil; dagang
Pusat
Memberikan; menyatakan
Bermacam-macam
Jasa; layanan
Menabung
Deposit
Customer
Loan
To serve as
Bill
To rent
Duty
To formulate
To implement
Monetary
Policy
In co-operation with
Individual
To establish
Account
Current account
Advantage
Risk
Balance
To require
To maintain
To charge
Fee
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
Deposito
Nasabah
Pinjaman
Berfungsi sebagai
Rekening; tagihan
Menyewakan
Tugas
Merumuskan
Melaksanakan
Keuangan; yang menyangkut uang
Kebijaksanaan
Bekerja sama dengan
Perseorangan
Mendirikan; membuka
Rekening
Rekening giro
Keuntungan
Resiko
Sisa; saldo
Mengharuskan
Menjaga agar tetap; memelihara
Menarik (ongkos, biaya)
Ongkos; biaya
THE PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC BANKING
The best known feature of Islamic banking is the prohibition on interest. The
Qur’an forbids the charging of Riba on money lent. It is important to
understand certain principles of Islam that underpin Islamic finance. The
Shari’ah consist of the Qur’anic commands as laid down in the Holy Qur’an
and the words and deeds of the profhet (puh). The Syari’ah disalows Riba and
there is now a general consensus among Muslim economists that Riba is not
restricted to usury but encompasses interest as well. The Qur’an is clear
about the prohibition of Riba, which is sometimes defined as excessive
interest. “O you who believe! Fear Allah and give up that remains of your
demand for usury, if you are indeed believers.” Muslim scholars have
accepted the word Riba to mean any fixed or guaranteed interest payment
on cash advances or on deposits.
The rules regarding Islamic finance are quite simple and can be summed up
as follows :
1). Any predetermined payment over and above the actual amount of
principal is proibited.
Islam allows only one kind of loan and that is qard-el-hasan (literally good
loan) whereby the lender does not charge any interest or additional amount
over the money lent.
2). The lender must share in the profits or losses arising out of the interprise
for which the money was lent.
Islam encourages Muslims to invest their money and to become partners in
order to share profits and risks in the business instead of becoming creditors.
As defined in the Shari’ah, or Islamic law, Islamic finance is based on the
belief that the provider of capital and the user of capital should equally share
the risk of business ventures, whether those are industries, farms, service,
companies or simple trade deals. Translated into banking terms, the
depositor, the bank and the borrower should all share the risks and the
rewards of financing business ventures.
3). Making money from money is not Islamically acceptable.
Money is only a medium of exchange, a way of defining the value of a thing;
it has no value in itself, and therefore should not be allowed to give rise to
more money, via fixed interest payments, simply by being put in a bank or
lent to someone else. The human effort, initiative, and risk involved in a
productive venture are more important than the money used to finance it.
Muslim jurists consider money as potential capital rather than capital,
meaning that money becomes capital only when it is invested in business.
Accordingly, money advanced to a business as a loan is regarded as a debt of
the business and not capital and, as such, it is not entitlled to any return (i.e.
interest).
4). Gharar (Uncertainly, Risk or Speculation) is also prohibited.
Under this prohibition any transaction entered into should be free from
uncertainly, risk and speculation. Contracting parties should have perfect
knowledge of the counter values intended to be exchanged as a result of
their transaction. Also, paries cannot predermine a guaranteed profit. This is
based on the principle of ‘uncertain gains’ which, on a strict interpretation,
does not even allow an undertaking from the customer to repay the
borrowed principal plus an amount to take into account inflation. The
rationale behind the prohibition is the wish to protect the weak from
exploitation.
5). Invesments should only support practices or products that are not
forbidden or even discouraged—by Islam.
Trade in alcohol, for example would not be financed by an Islamic bank; a
real-estate loan could not be made for the construction of a casino; and the
bank could not lend money to other banks at interest (Quoted from:
Anonimous, WWW.parves-vedeo.com).
THE MEANING OF MUDHARABAH
To understand Mudharabah we must first recognize that usury or moneylending for profit was a total anathema to the early Muslims, and still remains
forbidden. Other forms of profit making therefore had to be defined so as not
to be confused with this sinful activity.
Dharba means something like travel seeking reward or bounty', often
interpreted as foreign trade. Such activity was common at the time, and even
considered honorable. However, traveling in these days was subject to many
threats (bandits, adverse weather, and navigational problems) and this trade
was quite risky. Rich merchants (referred to as the financier' from here on)
often did not want to accept such risks and therefore hired others (the
trader'). In such cases, the financier did not want to be considered a mere
money-lender.
Mudharabah is therefore a legal term defining the relationship between the
two parties in such a trade. The key to recognizing a Mudharabah agreement
is to look for a profit splitting ratio. This must be determined in advance and
would depend upon many factors such as the type of work and the difficulty.
The profit sharing cannot be conditional, nor can it favor one party only. Even
if the split is ninety nine to one, that would be valid; one hundred percent
would not.
Other conditions can be attached a typical one being a time constraint. Both
the start and the end of the relationship can be conditional, so long as the
conditions are clear and unambiguous.
The relationship is be nullified immediately should one of the conditions be
broken. In such a case, the trader would get paid only for the work done and
the financier would get the whole of the profit remaining.
Once a trader had accepted a Mudharabah that trader is bound to look after
the interests of the financier as a priority. The trader would need the
permission of the financier before accepting another Mudharabah. Without
this, any profit made by a second contract would be due to the financier in
proportion to the original agreement.
Profit cannot be shared before a defined end as it is recognized that losses
can result right up until the last moment.
The system works because the trust required is a matter between two
believers in the same faith. Not only are the two party's actions judged by
their peers; both are expected to fear that their actions will be judged by a
higher power at the end of their time. No need then even for a handshake.
Copyright © 2002-2011 Helium, Inc. All rights reserved.
THE ECONOMIC DIMENTION OF ZAKAH
If zakah is one of the pillars of Din, it stands to reason that this pillar must
stand on a firm foundation. That firm foundation is comprised of each
Muslms unshakable conviction, 100% commitment, utter sincerity, and
complete dedication to the belief that the Allah-owned resources on the
planet must be made available to all creatures and human beings for their
sustenance, nourishment, and growth.
The Arabic word Zakah, with its root Z-K-W means growth and development.
A tree is nourished and grows in the presence of Allah-owned resources such
as the soil, the rain, the sun, and the air (56: 63-72; 80: 24-31). Any
interference in the flow of any of these resources will retard the growth and
development of the tree. Similarly, any individual, group, government, or
system which disrupts the natural flow of Allah-owned resources of the
planet to all human beings creates an imbalance in society: the rich/poor, the
master/slave, the owner/worker. In the west, this awareness is dawning in
respect to plants, animal and insect species which are becoming extinct due
to this imbalance in nature caused by the actions of human beings.
What then, is the position of the Qur’an on the Economic World Order that
should prevail, in other words, Zakah? The Qur’an emphasizes the
importance of economics in human life. While describing the life of Heaven,
the Qur’an says there will be no hunger and no misery there. “There is
therein (enough provision) for thee not to go hungry nor to go naked.”
(Thaha, 20: 118).
Too, the Qur’an teaches us to work for the good of this life, as well as the
hereafter (2: 201, 7: 156), in contrast to the mindset of those who consider
economic prosperity in this life to be an end in itself. According to the Qur’an,
such people live at the animal level : “Verily Allah will admit those who
believe and do righteous deeds, to Gardens beneath which rivers flow; while
those who reject Allah will enjoy (this world) and eat as cattle eat; and the
Fire will be their abode.” (Muhammad, 47:12).
As Owner, then, Allah has given us these resources as a trust which we are
required to disburse according to His Will (the system of Zakah), which is, to
make available to all living creatures according to their needs, without any
hindrance or control, the sustenance and provisions of life.
It was the Prophet’s (pbuh) unshakable conviction, his utter commitment,
and total obedience to this system of Zakah that led to the establishment of
the basic infrastructure of a universal, welfare-based economic system in
Medina, and which reached its pinnacle during Khalifa ‘Umar’s time when, it
is said, hardly anyone was in need of charity. The Prophet (pbuh) lived his
life true to this principle: he was not an owner of anything, no land, no
possessions; he was merely an enforcer of the Will of Allah—he established
the system of Zakah (Quoted from: www.netmuslims.com).
ZAKAH: FIRST UNIVERSAL WELFARE SYSTEM
The economics of Zakah and its relevance to modern times is a hotly debated
issue among both religious and liberal Muslims. Contrary to the beliefs of
both religious and secular Muslims, the Prophet’s achievements were based
not on ephemeral but on the permanent values of the Qur’an. He brought
about the greatest revolution—even an economic and political miracle—in
human history. In a very short time after prophet migrated to Medina and
implemented the system of shalah and zakah, the economic condition of the
people changed.
The Prophet (pbuh) is reported to have said: If a single person were to sleep
hungry in a town, then God’s protection is lifted from such a town. (Musnad
Imam Ahmad). This hadits emphasizes that no one (Muslim or Non-Muslim)
under this system should go hungry. Thus this zakah system created the first
universal welfare system in human history. It also gradually transformed the
existing slave-based economy to a universal welfare-based economy. By the
end of the Prophet’s period, the entire Arabian Peninsula enjoyed economic
as well as political security. This system reached its pinnacle during khalifa
‘Umar’s time, a time when, history tells us, hardly anyone was in need of
charity. What has occured then in the intervening years that the Muslim
masses are suffering economic deprivation even though they live in areas
with plenty of natural resources? (Quoted from Anonimous:
www.netmuslims.com)
THE INTEREST
Islam forbids both the taking and giving of interest. Modern economists, too,
have slowly begun to realize the futility of interest. Keynes suggested the
possibility of a zero rate of interest in stationary State, while Harrod
advocated its total abolition. A number of modern economists have evolved
the maintenance of a banking system without interest. A large number of
failures in industrial and commercial enterprises in modern times is due to
the high rate of interest charged on the money invested in them. A time
comes when the borrower crumbling under heavy interest cannot borrow
more money, which results in the failure of his enterprise. Hence this
institution is responsible for fluctuations in a number of ways. The wellknown economist Marshall in his principles of Economics (Book IV, Chapter
XIX) states, “the danger of not being able to renew his borrowings just at the
time when he wants them more, puts him (the borrower) at a disadvantage
relatively to those who use their own capital much greater than is
represented by the mere interest on his borrowing. And the failure of this
renewal may cause him to succumb to what would have been a passing
misfortune if he had been using no capital, but his own”. The depression and
crisis in trade mostly results from the payment of high rate of interest. The
socialists have wrongly attributed such crises to capitalism. In fact interest is
the greatest evil of capitalism and it is rather the worst form of capitalism,
the Islamic economy, which accepts a form of capitalism without interest has
almost eliminated its harmful aspects. The Holy Prophet of Islam has advised
Muslims to avoid seven harmful things and the third among these isinterest,
He stated,’Although interesttt bbbrings increase, yet its end tends to
scarcity’. The Holy Qur’an says, “That which ye given in interest in order that
it may increase other peoples’ wealth hath no increase with God; but that
which ye give in growth tax, seeking God’s countenance hath increases
manifold” (Al-Rum, 30: 39).
Even such well-known Economists as Piogu and Fisher have acknowledged
the harmful effects of interest in causing commercial fluctuations and
industrial crises. Islam favors the formation of joint stock companies and the
Arabs were the first to start such companies. Trade partnership was very
popular even in the days of the prophet of Islam. He himself had been the
business partner of Hazrat Khadija, who later became his wife. Business
shares could also be purchased.
Thus the Islamic economic principles if strictly followed would eliminate the
possibility of accumulation of wealth in the hands of a few and would ensure
the greater circulation of money as well as a wider distribution of wealth.
Broadly speaking these principles are (1) Zakah or compulsory alms giving (2)
The Islamic law of inheritance which splits the property of an individual into a
number of shares given to his relations (3) The forbiddance of interest which
checks accumulation of wealth and this strikes at the root of capitalism.
The sound economic system evolved by Islam if given a fair trial would solve
the basic economic problems, which have been troubling the modern world.
(Quoted from: Anonimous, www.netmuslims.com).
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF ISLAMIC ECONOMY
Before to explain the basic princples of Islamic economy, the basic
principles of economic of liberalism from an Islamic view is expressed,
because it is useful for comparison. Then some of the salient features of basic
principles of Islamic economy and their effect on accounting standards
setting will be considered.
According to Holton (1992, 54-69) the basic principles of economics
of liberalism as outlined here, represents an amalgam of ideas derived and
adopted from a range of sources. These include the 18th century economist
Adam Smith, the neo-classical school of economics and more recent post-war
economists such as Milton Friedman. The basic principles of this tradition
include: (1) private property rights, (2) individual sovereignty, (3) selfinterest, (4) rationality and (5) self-regulating market.
Needless to say, economis as that part of man’s activity which, deals
with the production of goods, the amassing of wealth, labor, work, trade and
exchange of material objects, etc, has been important in every civilization.
From Islamic view, as in other traditional civilization, economics was
never considered as a saparate discipline or distinct domain of activity.
Consequently, there is no even a word for economics in classical Arabic. The
term of iqtishad (economic) being a fair recent translation of the modern
term “economics” in Arabic and having a very different meaning in classical
Arabic. Where it means primarly moderation and keeping to the golden mean
as witnessed by the famous book Ihya Ulum-al-Din, Ghazali. (1971,265).
According to Sadr (1994, 51-55), the Islamic economy is composed of
three basic components, according to which its theoritical content is defined.
Thus it is distinguished from other economic theories in terms of the broad
lines of these components, which are: (1) the principle of multi-faceted
ownership, (2) the principle of economic freedom within a defined limit, and
(3) the principle of social justice.
The first principle explains that from Islamic viewpoint ownership is
accepted in a variety of form-instead of the principle of onli one kind of
ownership, such as, private ownership, public ownership and state
ownership.
The second of the components of the Islamic economy that is the
most important attribute in islamic economy is the principle of social justice.
This is embodied in Islam by the elements and guarantees which, Islam
provider for the system of the distribution of wealth in Islamic society.
The Islamic image of social justice contains two general principles
each one of them has its own lines and particularities. The first of them is the
principle of general mutual responsibility the other is the principle of social
balance.
Islam permits difference in wealth within reasonable limit but does
not tolerate this difference growing so wide that some people spend their life
in luxury and comfort, while the great majority op people are left to lead a
life of misery and hunger (Quoted from. Mohammad R. Taheri, www.parvesvedeo.com).
PANCASILA:
THE SPIRITUAL BASIS OF INDONESIAN ECONOMIC SYSTEM
The territory of this country, as a blessing of God, potential economic
resources are found abundantly which have not yet been transformed into
real economic strength because of—among others—the lack of capital,
experience and technology.
The Pancasila is the spiritual basis for the institution of the
Indonesian economic system and should always be reflected in the economic
policy. Economic development requires transformation of potencial
economic resources into actual economic strength through capital invesment
aand utilization of technology, expanded knowledge and efficientcy, and
improved organizational and managerial ability, that efforts to overcome
economic decline and further develop the economic potency should be based
on the capability and willingness of the Indonesian people themselves.
Nevertheless this principle of relying on our own capability and
willingness should not lead to reluctance to make use of foreign capital,
technology and skill, which, if used correctly, will benefit the national
economy, without creating dependence on foreign countries, that available
foreign capital should be utilized to maximum advantage, in order to
accelerate the economic development of Indonesia which cannot or for a
considerable time cannot yet be covered by national capital only, as well as
used in other fields and sectors, where Indonesian capital for the time being
and in the nearest future does not suffice. It is imperative to devise clean
regulations in order to fill the need for capita; for national development, as
well as to avoid uncertainty on the part of prospective foreign
investors.(Adopted from: Sumantoro, investment Law, Cooperation in
investment and The Indonesia Perspective, Binacipta, Bandung, 1982).
THE PARTS OF SPEECH
Words are devided into different kinds or classes according to (menurut)
the purpose (maksudnya) that they are used for. The different kinds of words
are called: Parts of Speech. They are eight in number namely:
1. Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Adjectives
4. Verbs
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections
1). NOUNS.
A noun is a word used for naming some person or thing: Jhon; man; sheep;
fish; house; rice; water; gold.
THE KINDS OF NOUNS:
Nouns are devided in five different kinds:
(1. Proper
(2. Common
(3. Collective
(4. Material
(5. Abstract
a). A CONCRETE NOUN denotes 9menyatakan) things which can be seen,
touched (pegang) or tasted (rasa): house; water.
b). A PROPER NOUN denotes one particular (special) person or thing as
distinct (perbedaan) from every other: Harahap; Jhon; Mary; Semarang;
England.
c). A COMMON NAOUN denotes no one person or thing in particular, but is
common (biasa) to any (every) person or thing of the same kind: man; boy;
girl; animal; town; country.
d). A MATERIAL NOUN denotes the substance (bahan) of which things are
made: rice; water; fish.
Observe (perhatikan) :
Common Noun
: Fish live in water
Material Noun
: Fish is good for food.
e). COLLECTIVE NOUN denotes a group or collection (kumpulan) of similar
(yang sama0 individuals (benda atau orang), considered (dianggap) as one
complete whole:
a sheep
= common noun
sekumpulan sheep disebut “a flock” = collective noun.
f). AN ABSTRACT NOUN denotes quality (kwalitas), state (keadaan) or action
(perbuatan), which can not be seen or touched:
quality
: cleverness
= kepintaran
state
: poverty
= kemiskinan
action
: movement
= gerakan
2). PRONOUNS.
A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun or nounequivalent (yang sama
dengan).
Dari definisi di atas teranglah, bahwa suatu kata yang mengganti suatu noun
atau yang sama dengan noun disebut “pronoun”. Marilah kita ambil contoh
yang berikut:
Ali saw a snake in the garden, this snake Ali thought would hurt Ali, unless
Ali killed the snake with a stick, this stick Ali had in Ali’s hand.
Nouns yang dicetak tebal dalam kalimat diatas dapat diganti dengan katakata lain. Kata-kata pengganti nouns itu adalah “pronouns”.
Observe (perhatikanlah):
Ali saw a snake in the garden, which He thought would hurt him, unless he
killed it with a stick, which he had in his hand.
Semua kata-kata yang dicetak tebal adalah “pronouns”.
THE KINDS OF PRONOUNS.
There are four different kinds of pronouns:
a. Personal Pronoun
b. Demonstrative Pronoun
c. Relative Pronoun
d. Interrogative Pronoun.
3). ADJECTIVES.
An adjective is a word used to qualify (menerangkan) a noun. The chief use
(guna yang utama) is to show the kind (macam), point (titik = letak), size
(ukuran), state (keadaan), number (jumlah) of a noun:
A mango tree;
this tree;
the tall tree;
a
good
tree;
some tree.
4). VERBS
A verb is a word used for saying something about some person or thing.
Verb are subdivided into :
1. Transitive Verbs
2. Intransitive verbs
3. Auxiliary Verbs.
a). TRANSITIVE VERBS.
Transitive verbs express actions that can pass over to a person or thing.
Transitive verb menyatakan perbuatan-perbuatan yang dapat menuju kepada
orang atau benda.
Contoh
: badu writes a letter; Badu eats rice;
b). INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
Intransitive verb express actions that cannot pass over to a person ar thing.
Contoh
: Badu laughs; Badu sleeps;
c). AUXILIARY VERBS.
An auxiliary verb is one which helps to form a tense or mood (cara) of some
other verbs:
To be
: The letter is written by Badu
To have
: Badu has written the letter
Can
: Badu can write the letter
May
: Badu may write the letter
Must
: Badu must write the letter
Shall
: I shall write the letter
Will
: Badu will write the letter
Ought
: Badu ought to help you.
5). ADVERBS.
An adverb is a word used to qualify any part of speech except a noun or
pronoun.
“adverb” ialah kata yang menjadi keterangan pada sesuatu kata yang lain,
kecuali noun atau pronoun. Kata-kata yang dipakai sebagai keterangan
kepada noun atau pronoun disebut “adjective”.
Contoh :
a. He is a bad man = adjective
b. He writes badly = adverb.
6). PREPOSITIONS.
A preposition is a word placed before a noun or nounequivalent to show in
what relation the person or thing denoted thereby stands to something else;
Kata perangkai (depan) ialah kata yang ditulis didepan noun atau yang sama
dengan noun, untuk menunjukkan perhubungan orang atau benda yang
dinyatakan oleh kata itu dengan benda lain:
Ali sits on the table;
The book is under the table.
Kata-kata “on” dan “under” menyatakan perhubungan noun ALI dengan
TABLE serta BOOK dengan TABLE.
7). CONJUNCTIONS.
A conjunction is a word used to join words together or one sentence to
another sentence:
Badu and Ali came here yesterday:
I know, that you are ill;
8). INTERJECTIONS.
An interjection is a word or sound (suara) to express some feeling (perasaan)
of the mind:
Hurrahh!
: I am very glad
Auwww!
: it is a pity.
TENSES
SIMPLE
PRESENT
DO/DOES
PAST
DID
FUTURE
WILL/SHALL/BE
PAST FUTURE
WOULD/SHOULD
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
(+) We go to
school
everyda
y
(-) we don’t
go to
schoo
l
every
day
(?) do we go to
school
every
day
IS/AM/ARE
(+) You went to
school
yesterday.
(-) you did not
go to school
yesterday.
(?) did you go
to
school
yesterday?
(+) You are
going
to
school now
(-) You are not
going
to
school now
(?) are you
going
to
school now
(+) I was going
to
school,
when
you
phoned.
(-) I was not
going to school
when
you
phoned.
(?) were you
going to school
when
I
phoned?
HAD + V3
HAVE/HAS +
V3
(past
participle)
WAS/WERE
(+) She has
gone
to
Bandung.
(-) She has not
gone
to
Bandung
(?) Has She
gone
to
Bandung?
(+) You had
gone to school,
when
she
came.
(-)You had not
gone to school,
when
she
came.
(?) Had You
gone to school,
when
she
came.
HAVE/HAS +
BEEN
HAD + BEEN
GOING TO
(+) They will go to
school tomorrow.
(-) They will not go
to
school
tomorrow.
(?) Will They go to
school tomorrow?
(+) I would go to
school yesterday.
(-) I would not go to
school yesterday.
(?) Would you go to
school yesterday?
WILL/SHALL + BE
(+) Mother will be
going to Bandung
next week.
(-)
Mother will
not be going to
Bandung
next
week.
(?) Will Mother be
going to Bandung
next week?
WOULD/SHOULD +
BE
(+) I should be going
to school later.
(-) I should not be
going to school later
(?) Would you be
going to school
later?
WILL/SHALL +
HAVE
WOULD/SHOULD +
HAVE
(+) I hope that
next mont You will
have gone to
Bandung
where
you will have
worked there.
(-) I hope that
next mont You will
not have gone to
Bandung
where
you will have
worked there.
(?) Will You have
gone to Bandung
where you will
have
worked
there?
WILL/SHALL +
HAVE BEEN
(+) We should have
come if you had
invited us.
(-) We should not
have come if you
had not invited us.
(?) Should We have
come if you had
invited us?
WOULD/SHOULD +
HAVE BEEN
(+) Ahmad has
been going to
Bandung since
two hours ago.
(-) Ahmad has
not been going
to
Bandung
since
two
hours ago.
(?) Has Ahmad
been going to
Bandung since
two
hours
ago?
(+) Ahmad had
been going to
Bandung
before
his
parent came.
(-) Ahmad had
not been going
to
Bandung
before
his
parent came.
(?) had Ahmad
been going to
Bandung
before
his
parent came?
(+) By the end of
this month, we
shall have been
going to Bandung
for two weeks.
(-) By the end of
this month, we
shall not have
been going to
Bandung for two
weeks.
(?) By the end of
this month, shall
we have been
going to Bandung
for two weeks?
(+) Tina would have
been
studying
English for nine
months by last june.
(-) Tina would not
have been studying
English for nine
months by last june.
(?) Would Tina have
been
studying
English for nine
months by last june.
TIME SIGNALS
SIMPLE
PRESENT
(TIME SIGNAL)
Everyday
Always
PAST
(TIME SIGNAL)
Yesterday
The day before
FUTURE
(TIME SIGNAL)
Tonight
Tomorrow
PAST FUTURE
(TIME SIGNAL)
Yesterday
Usually
Sometimes
Often
generally
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
(TIME SIGNAL)
Now
Right now
At present
Today
This morning
This afternoon
To night
yesterday
Last week
Last month
Last year
Two days ago
Two weeks ago
Two months ago
Two years ago
(TIME SIGNAL)
When
While
(relative
pronoun)
Conjuction:
adverb of time
The day after
tomorrow
Last for an hour
Nexst week
Next month
Next year
(TIME SIGNAL)
Next Sunday
The day after
tomorrow
Tomorrow
Next week
Next month
Next year, etc
(TIME SIGNAL)
Already
Almost
Ever
Never
Yet
(TIME SIGNAL)
When
Before
By the end of
the year
By the end of....
etc
(TIME SIGNAL)
By six o’clock
Next month
Before the end
of next month
ect
(TIME SIGNAL)
Since two hours
ago
For six years
All day
etc
(TIME SIGNAL)
For two weeks
When
Before
etc
(TIME SIGNAL)
By
the
beginning
of
this year
By the end of
this month
By the end of
1990
etc
FIVE BASIC TENSES
Five Basic Tense adalah :
1. The Present Tense
2. The Past Tense
Just now
Two days ago
etc
(TIME SIGNAL)
Later
Next Sunday
The
day
after
tomorrow
Tomorrow
Next week
Next month
Next year, etc
(TIME SIGNAL)
Pengandaian
By six o’clock
Next month
Before the end of
next month
ect
(TIME SIGNAL)
Pengandaian
By the beginning of
this year
By the end of this
month
By the end of 1990
etc
3. The Future Tense
4. The Present Continuous Tense
5. The Present Perfect Tense
1) THE PRESENT TENSE : Tense for things that we do on a regular basis,
something we do every day. Time markers : usually, every...,
generally, often, seldom, once a week, today...).
The simple present tense adalah tenses yang paling banyak digunakan,
karena paling banyak maka pembahasannya juga akan lebih panjang. Arti
Simple yaitu sederhana, sedangkan present adalah sekarang. Jadi bisa
dikatakan bahwa simple present adalah tenses (pola kalimat) yang digunakan
untuk menceritakan waktu sekarang dalam bentuk sederhana. Nama lain
daripada Present adalah bentuk I (pertama).
Formula : Subject + V1 (V1+S) + Object
Example : I drive to work every day
2) THE PAST TENSE : Tense for events that have finished, done, ready;
(time markers : yesterday, last..., in 19..., this year, ...ago).
Formula : Subject + V2 + Object
Example : I drove to work yesterday. I drove my father’s car last week.
3) THE FUTURE TENSE : We use this tense for things that we intend to
do in the future. Future tense atau simple future digunakan untuk
menyatakan peristiwa yang akan terjadi. Future tense adalah tentang
NANTI. Sesuatu arti katanya Future yaitu “masa depan”. Karena itu
dalam future tense penggunaan kata will/shall yang artinya akan
pastilah mendominasi. Shall jarang digunakan, biasanya shall untuk
subjek I dan we ( I shall..atau We shall..) dan tidak untuk yang lain.
Tetapi lebih sering orang pakai I will...dan We will...jadi untuk I dan
We boleh pakai baik will atau Shall. Sedangkan subjek yang lain
seperti He, She, It, You dan They, semuanya menggunakan Will.
Formula Simple Future Tense : Subject + Will/Shall + V1 + Object
Example : I will drive to work tomorrow.
4) THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE : Tense for things that are
happening now, “as we speak”. (Time Markers : now, at the moment,
at present).
Kalimat ini digunakan untuk menyatakan kejadian yang sedang berlangsung
saat ini. Perbedaan dengan simple present adalah kejadian yang terjadi pada
kalimat ini adalah kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada saat ini dan belum
selesai (sedang dikerjakan/terjadi).
Sedangkan Present Continuous adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk
menyatakan kejadian yang terjadi saat ini tanpa membicarakan saat kejadian
dan keberlangsungan dari kejadian tersebut.
Formula Present Continuous : Subject + am/are/is + V1+ing + Object
Example : I am driving to work now...can you call me later?
5) THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE : We use this tense for events that
started in the past, are still relevant now, but may or may not change
in the future. For this tense we use has or have plus the past
participle. (Time Markers : for, since)
Formula Present Perfect : Subject + have/has + V3 + Object
Example :
I have driven to work ever since I could drive.
LINKING BE (TO BE)
To be (am, are, is) berarti ada atau adalah, tetapi dalam bahasa
Indonesia, pada umumnya to be tidak diterjemahkan.
To be digunakan sebagai penghubung antara subjek dan predikat. Predikat
dalam suatu kalimat dapat terdiri atas :
a) Kata Sifat (adjective)
b) Kata Benda (noun)
c) Kata Keterangan atau tambahan (adverb)
d) Kata Kerja (verb) yang menyatakan sedang melakukan sesuatu.
To be menghubungkan subjek dan predikat, to be dapat berubah-ubah sesuai
dengan subjek (pelaku). Contoh :
a) Predikat kalimat kata sifat :
1) I am happy
= saya gembira
2) You are right
= anda benar
3) He is handsome
= ia (laki-laki) tampan
4) She is beautiful
= ia (perempau) cantik
5) It is wild
= ia (binatang) buas
6) We are healthy
= kami sehat
7) You are rich
= kalian kaya
8) They are diligent
= mereka rajin
b) Predikat kalimat kata benda :
1) I am a teacher
= saya (adalah) seorang guru
2) You are a physician = kamu seorang dokter
3) He is a student
= ia seorang siswa
4) She is a singer
= ia seorang penyanyi
5) It is a bag
= itu (benda) sebuah tas
6) We are Dutch
= Kami orang Belanda
7) You are physicists = Kalian ahli ilmu alam
8) They are jornalists = mereka wartawan
c) Predikat kalimat kata keterangan :
1) I am in the room
= Saya di dalam kamar
2) You are in the class
= Kamu di dalam kelas
3) He is in the bathroom
= Dia di kamar mandi
4) She is in the garden
= Dia berada di kebun
5) It is there on the table
= itu (benda) disana di atas meja
6) We are at home
= Kami di rumah
7) You are in the park = Kalian berada di taman
8) They are in the zoo = Mereka berada di kebun binatang
d) Predikat kalimat kata kerja yang menyatakan sedang melakukan
sesuatu :
1) I am reading a book
= saya sedang membaca buku
2) You are studying English
= Kamu sedang belajar Bahasa Inggris
3) He is sitting
= Ia sedang duduk
4) She is watching TV = Dia (perempuan) sedang menonton televisi
5) It is eating grass
= Ia (binatang) sedang makan rumput
6) We are drinking lemonade = Kami sedang minum lemon
7) You are working hard
= Kalian sedang bekerja
keras
8) They are sleeping
= Mereka sedang tidur
Macam-macam bentuk kalimat :
1) Affirmative Sentence
Kalimat berita, dengan tanda (+)
2) Negative Sentence
Kalimat menyangkal, dengan tanda (-)
3) Interrogative Sentence
Kalimat tanya, dengan tanda (?)
4) Negative Interrogative Sentence
Kalimat tanya menyangkal, dengan tanda (-?)
5) Imperative Sentence
Kalimat perintah, dengan tanda (!)
Pemakaian to be dalam bentuk lima kalimat, tetapi harus diperhahtikan dulu :
1) Kalimat berita, contoh-contohnya telah disebutkan dalam butir-butir
a, b, c, dan d di atas.
2) Dalam kalimat negative, kita tambahkan not sesudah to be
He is not handsome
= Ia tidak tampan
3) Dalam kalimat interrogative to be kita letakan di depan subjek
Is he handsome?
= Apakan Ia tampan ?
4) Dalam kalimat negative interrogative, to be yang ditambah dengan
not itu diletakan di awal kalimat.
Isn’t He handsome?
= Tidakkah Ia tampan ?
5) Dalam kalimat imperative, to be tidak berubah dan be diletakan di
awal kalimat.
Be careful, please
= berhati-hatilah
Kata please boleh diletakan di awal atau di akhir kalimat.
Catatan :
Kalau kata please diletakan di awal kalimat, tanda koma tidak dipakai setelah
please; please be careful.
Akan tetapi jika please berada di posisi akhir kalimat, tanda koma dipakai
sebelum please; be careful, please.
Kalau kata please digunakan baik posisi di awal maupun di akhir kalimat,
maka kalimat-kalimat itu semuanya diakhiri dengan titik.
Namun, jika please di hapus, kalimat-kalimat perintah itu harus diakhiri tanda
seru; be careful!
Keterangan :
1) Am dipakai untuk kata ganti orang pertama tungal, atau dengan kata
lain, am berpasangan dengan I.
2) Are dipakai untuk kata ganti orang (personal pronoun) yang
berbentuk jamak dan kata ganti orang kedua tunggal. Atau dengan
kata lain, are berpasangan dengan we, you (tungal dan jamak) dan
they.
3) Is dipakai untuk kata ganti orang ketiga tunggal. Atau dengan
perkataan lain, is berpasangan dengan he, she dan it.
4) Untuk kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung, pasangannya juga is.
Contoh:
a) This ink is black
b) This paper is white
c) This water is hot.
WORD ORDER
A. Definisi : Word Order adalah penyusunan beberapa kata dalam
bentuk suatu frase atau kalimat.
B. Frase Kata Benda (Noun Phrase)
An intelegent young man
A beautiful large round wooden table
Dengan melihat contoh di atas cara penyusunan kata dalam bentuk frase kata
benda mempunyai arti yang sangat penting.
My book
D
H
My expensive book
D
EH
My expensive history book
D
E
C
H
My very expensive old history book
D
O
E
C
H
1. Determiner
a. Articles
: a, an, the
b. Possessive
: my, your, her, his, our, their
c. Demonstratives
: this, these, that, those
d. Quantities
: Some, many, much, a lot of, few, a litle
2. Ordinative
a. Numeral
: one, two, three, first, second, single,
double.
b. Kata sifat yang memiliki tingkatan:
∆ comparative
: er, more
∆ superlative
: est, most, very
3. Ephitet : kata sifat dalam bentuknya yang masih asli.
A handsome boy
▪ Bila dalam satu frase terdapat lebih dari satu ephitet, maka urutannya :
a. Quality
: Beautiful, nice, expensive, wonderful
b. Character
: Calm, wild, wise, bed-tempered.
c. Size
: Big, small, short, tall
d. Age
: Young, old, new
e. Temperature
: Hot, cold, warm
f. Participle
: V-ing, V-3, bored, tired, annoying,
interesting
g. Shape
: Square, triangle, green
h. Color
: White, black, green
4. classifier : Kata benda yang berfungsi sebagai kata sifat.
Wooden Table
M
H
Indonesian Singer
M H
5. Head : Heard Word : Kata utama dalam suatu frase.
A beautiful Singer
D
E
H
Jenis-jenis adverb dan penempatannya
a. Adverb of Place
▪ In Surabaya
▪ on the table
▪ Here
▪ Every Where
1) I study in Surabaya
I study Biology in Surabaya
2) My mother cooks in the kitchen
My mother cooks fish in the kitchen.
b. Adverb of Time
▪ every day
▪ last night
▪ tomorrow
▪ now
□ Diletakan diawal atau diakhir kalimat.
▪ We are studying English now
Now we are studying English
c. Adverb of Frequency
□ Setelah subjek untuk kalimat verbal, setelah kata kerja utama untuk
kalimat nominal.
▪ She always visits her parents
▪ She is never late
◊ always
◊ sometimes
◊ usually
◊ often
◊ never
◊ ever
◊ occasionally
d. Adverb of Manner
◊ Carefully
◊ Lazily
◊ Perfectly
◊ Happily
◊ Nicely
◊ Beautifully
▪ Diletakan setelah kata kerja atau setelah objek kalau ada.
1. Michelle is singing nicely
Michelle is singing a pop song nicely
2. My sister studies hard
My sister studies English hard
C. Word Order Dalam Kalimat
a. Kalimat Berita ( + , - )
Kalimat berita dalam Bahasa Inggris mempunyai susunan subjek +
Predikat.
Predikat dapat berupa to be, kata kerja (verb) atau frase kata kerja
(verb phrase) yang diikuti oleh unsur kalimat yang lain seperti
Adverb, Adjective, dll.
Examples :
▪ She is beautiful
▪ She is dancing beautifully
▪ She is dancing Jaipong beautifully
b. Kalimat Tanya ( Interrogative Sentence ).
Pola dasar kalimat tanya mempunyai susunan to be, auxiliary verb
(modal) + Subjek dan diikuti oleh unsur kalimat yang lain.
Examples :
▪ Is Jhon writing a novel ?
▪ Does Romeo buy a book ?
▪ Will Juliet meet you to night ?
Penambahan kata tanya tidak mempengaruhi pola dasar kalimat tanya.
▪ Why do you come late ?
▪ where does she study math ?
SENTENCE
A sentences is a combination (gabungan) of words expressing
(menyatakan) a complete though (pikiran). Every sentences may be divided
into two parts:
“SUBJECT and PREDICATE”:
I know;
you are ill.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
Complex Sentence atau kalimat majemuk bertingkat adalah kalimat
gabungan antara induk kalimat dan anak kalimat.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
1. Adjective Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang difungskan sebagai sifat.
2. Independent Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang lengkap (aim clause).
3. Dependent Clause adalah suatu kalimat yang belum lengkap (sub
clause) ia harus digabungkan dengan independent clause.
a. I thanked the woman
b. She helped me
c. He is serving us now
d. The water was polite and palient
e. The roses are pink
f. They look so fresh
g. I like the lady
h. She was visiting me yesterday morning.
1.
A.
RELATIVE PRONOUN
Relative Pronoun as Subject – Active - Verbal
Subject pada Sub Clause yang berupa pronoun conjuction :
- Who
: Person
- Which
: Non Person
- That
: Person / Non Person
1. They have good fun
My cats are funny
- My cats which have good fun are funny
2. She is watering the flower now
The lady is beautiful
- The lady who is watering the flower now is beautiful.
3. I dislike the boy
He visited me last night
- I dislike the boy who visited me last night
4. The man is handsome
He was visiting me yesterday morning
- The man who was visiting me yesterday morning is handsome.
B.
Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Passive – Verbal
1. My car is expensive
It is cleaned by someone
- My car which is cleaned by someone is expensive
2. He is being visited by a beautiful lady
Rony was naughty
- Rony who is being visited by a beautiful lady was naughty.
C.
Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Active – Nominal
1. Anita will get an award from our president
She is a kind student
- Anita who is a kind student will get an award from our president
2. He was my classmate
Agung is buying a new car now
- Agung who was my classmate is buying a new car now.
D.
Relative Pronoun as – Subject – Active / Passive – Verbal / Nominal
1. My teacher is from Australia
She has worked for our school for 2 years
- My teacher who has worked for our school for 2 years is from
Australia.
2. Zahro helped me last night
She has been my friend since we were in senior high school
- Zahro who has been my friend since we were in senior high school
helped me last night.
3. The man is patient
He has been waiting for us for 2 hours
- The man who has been waiting for us for 2 hours is patient.
4. My room looked clean
It had been painted while
- My room which had been painted while looked clean.
2.
RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT
Conjuction
: Whom
Which
That
:
:
:
Person
Non Person
Person / Non Person
1. The man is patient
I love him
- The man whom I love is patient
2. The dog was cruel
I found it last year
- The dog which I found last year was cruel
3. This is a painting
I painted last night
- This is the painting which I painted last night.
3.
RELATIVE PRONOUN AS POSSESIVE
Conjuction
Whose
: Person
Of Which
: On Person
1. I met the lady
Her house was on fire last month
- I met the lady whose was on fire last month
2. The house was old
Its windows were shot by arobber
- The house of windows were shot by a robber was old
4. RELATIVE ADVERB
a. Adverb OF Place
Conjuction :
Where
Preposition + Which
1) The building is very old
He lives there (in that building)
 The building where he lives is very oled
 The building in which he lives is very old
 The building which he lives in is very old
 The building that he lives in is very old
b. Adverb Of Time
Conjuction :
- Where
- Preposition + Which
1. I will never forget te day
I met you then (on that day)
 I will never forget the day when I met you
 I will never forget the day on which I met you
 I will never forget the day that I met you
COMPOUND SENTENCE
Definisi :
Compound Sentence adalah menggabungkan antara Induk Kalimat
dan Induk Kalimat. Ada tiga jenis conjuctions untuk menggabungkan
compound sentence.
A. Coordinate Conjuction
1.
2.
3.
4.
a. And
d. But
g. So
b. Or
e. For
c. Nor
f. Yet
I will write a letter. I will write a short story
I will write a letter and a short story
I bring a pen. I bring a book
I bring a pen and a book
You can go by a bus. You can go by a car
You can go by a bus and by a car
She can’t buy a car, for she doesn’t have money
B. Correlative Conjuction
Correlative Conjuction merupakan padanan yang digunakan bersamasama dan biasanya menyatakan pengecualian dan pencantuman. Correlative
Conjuction harus diikuti oleh susunan tata bahasa yang sama, dengan kata
lain harus dalam bentuk parallel structure.
1. Both.......................and..........................
2. Not only............................but also...............................
3. Neither.............................nor.................................
4. Either................................or...................................
1) He is not a farmer. He is not a lawyer
He is neither a farmer nor a lawyer
2) I buy a lux house. I buy an expensive car
I buy both a lux house and an expensive car
3) Sinta is a smart student. Santi is a smart student
Both Sinta and Santi are smart students
C.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Conjunctive Adverb
Moreover
Then
However
Therefor
Furthermore
Also
Besides
Otherwise
9. On the other hand
10. As a result
11. Accordingly
12. Consequently
13. In fact
14. For this reason
15. Mmeanwhile
16. nevertheless
Examples:
- It was cold nevertheless, I went swimming
- I always eat breakfast. Otherwise, I get hungry during class
GERUND
Gerund adalah kata kerja yang dibendakan
Fungsi Gerund
1. Sebagai Subjek
Examples :
▪ fishing is his hobby
▪ Eating makes us full
2. Sebagai Objek
a. Object Complement
= Kalimat Nominal
Ex: His Hobby is fishing
Her pavorite activity is cooking
b. Object Non-Complement
Ex : They enjoy playing football
It started raining
c. Object after After Bound Prepositon
1. After Noun Preposition
Ex : There is reason for leaving so early
John has no excuse for dropping out of school
2. After Adjective Preposition
Ex : Mary is fond of dancing
I am sorry for coming late
3. After Verb Preposition
Ex : I never give up studying English
Hery is thinking of going abroad.
3. Sebagai adverb after free preposition
(without, after, before, besides, by, for)
Ex : without saying anything, he went away
After washing the rice, Rina cooked it
4. Sebagai Modifier
→Masuk dalam bagianClassifier
→Memiliki ar : alat yang digunakan untuk
Ex :
▪ Fishing Area
▪ Meeting Hall
▪ Sewing Machine
5. Sebagai Head (pe—an atau ke—an)
→ Disertai oleh Modifier sebagai penanda Head
Ex :
▪ The Feeling
▪ My Coming
▪ Poem Reading
OTHER USES OF GERUND
1. Digunakan dibelakang frase-frase berikut :
▪ it’s no use
▪ It’s no fun
▪ It’s no good
▪ It’s no worth
▪ It’s no foolish
Examples :
◌ It’s no use talking o that man
◌ Is there any fun playing football alone ?
◌ Is it worth repairing the car ?
2. Digunakan dibelakang NO........., membentuk kalimat pendek yang
menyatakan larangan atau peringatan.
Examples :
▪ No Loitering (dilarang mondar mandir)
▪ No Spitting (dilarang meludah)
3. Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kegiatan rekreasi dengan pola,
→ Formula : GO + GERUND
Examples :
▪ Go camping
▪ Go shopping
▪ Go hunting
FORM OF GERUND
ACTIVE
PASSIVE
PRESENT
V-ing
Being + V3
PERFECT
Having + V3
Having + Been + V3
1. Present Gerund (Active)
Examples : ▪ I am afraid of coming late
▪ Running is good for your health
▪ She dreads getting wet
2. Present Gerund (Passive)
Examples : ▪ The baby is afraid of being kidnapped
▪ Do you like given some money ?
3. Perfect Gerund (Active)
Examples : ▪ They enjoy having played football
▪ I am afraid of not having passed the exam
4. Perfect Gerund (Passive)
Examples : ▪ She appreciated having been rewarded as the best
student
▪ Many children enjoy having been taken to the zoo
REFERENCE LIST OF VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND
Admit
Advise
Anticipate
Appreciate
Consider Delay
Deny
Discuss
Forget
Can’t Help Keep
Mention
Postpone Practice
Quit
Recall
Regret
Remember Resent
Resist
Suggest
Tolerate
understand
Examples :
Avoid
Dislike
Mind
Recollect
Risk
Complete
Enjoy Finish
Miss
Recommend
Stop
▪ He denied killing the robber
▪ She always avoids meeting me
▪ We enjoy living in this tinny village
REFERENCE LIST OF VERB FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE
A. VERBS FOLLOWED IMMEDIATELY BY AN INFINITIVE
Afford
Agree
Appear
Arrange
Ask
Beg
Consent
Decide
Demand
Deserve
Expect
Fail
Hesitate
Hope
Learn
Manage
Mean
Need
Prepare
Pretend
Promise
Refuse
Regret
Remember
Plan
Seem
Offer
Sear
Threaten Volunteer
Care
Wait
Want
Wish
Claim
struggle
Examples ▪ My friends beg me to join with them
:
▪ They prepare to go to Bali
▪ She promise to lend me 2 history books
▪ Michelle pretends to sleep
▪ My mother wants me to get married
▪ Shifa reminds me not to smoke in the class
▪ Yani theaches her child to cook fish
→ The following verbs can be followed by either the infini ve or the gerund
with now change in meaning.
Begin
Like
Try
Hate
Start
Dread
Regret
Continue
Prefer
Can’t Stand
love
Examples :
▪ I start working / I start to work
▪ She continued reading / She continued to read
▪ Romeo began to study / Romeo began studying
VERBS + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
→ If a verb + Preposi on, adjec ve + Preposi on, Noun + Preposi on, or
Preposition alone is followed directly by a verb, the verb always be in the
gerund form. The following list of verb + Prepositon.
Approve of
Give up
Rely on
Worry alone
Be better of
Insist on
Count on
Keep on
Think about
Depend on
Put off
Think off
Succeed in
Examples :
▪ My father gives up smoking
▪ Rima succeed in working in Jakarta
ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
→ The following adjec ve + Preposition are also followed by the Gerund
Accustomed to
Capable of
Intent on
Successful in
Afraid of
Fond of
Interested in
Tired of
Examples :
▪ They afraid of meeting a ghost
▪ My sister fond of dancing
NOUN + PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND
→ The following noun + Preposi on are also followed the gerund
Choice of
Excuse for
Reason for
(Method of)
Possibility of
Intention of
Method for
Examples :
▪ We have reason for refusing our cheaf
▪ Our teacher has a good method for teaching
ADJECTIVE FOLLOWED BY THE INFINITIVE.
→ The following adjec ves are always followed by the infini
verb and never by the gerund.
Anxious
Boring
Dangerous
Eager
Easy
Good
Pleased
Prepared
Ready
Usual
Common
difficult
Examples :
ve form of the
Hard
Strange
Able
▪ She is boring to meet you
▪ I am ready to go to concert
MODAL AUXILARIES
Modal adalah kata kerja bantu yang digunakan bersama-sama verb
untuk membantu mengekspresikan arti:
1. Possibiliti (mungkin).
 Conclusion
 Past Form
: modal + have + V3

Modal Used are :
1. Will
2. Must
3. Should
4. Ought to
5. May
6. Might
7. Could
Examples:
-
Roni always studies hard. He always goes to school and he is never
absent. He gets good mark. He must pass the exam nexy month.
Yasmin : Where is Akbar?
Rofi
: I don’t know where he is now. He m ay be going to hospital
because I saw him visiting a doctor.
2. Impossibility (tidak mungkin).
 Modal:
1. Couldn’t
2. Can’t
3. Must not
4. May not
5. Might not
Examples:
-
I have just seen Akbar eaten a huge meal, he has already eaten 2
plates of rice. Akbar couldn’t be hungry now.
Nunung is going to Surabaya now. She is shopping in Tunjungan
Plaza. She can’t be visiting me now.
Zahra couldn’t be hungry because I have seen her ate 2 plates of rise.
3. Habitual Action in The Past (kebiasaan yang terjadi di masa
lampau/dulu terbiasa).
 Modal :
1. Would
2. Used to
Examples:
-
My father would read me a story at night before I go to bed when I
was child.
I used to study English at night when I was in Senior High School.
4. Wishes (semoga, harapan, do’a).
 Modal:
1. May
Examples:
-
May God bless us
May you be the winner
5. Request (Permintaan)
 Modal:
1. Can
2. May
3. Shall
4. Will
5. Might
6. Could
7. Would
Examples:
-
Could I borrow your pen?
May I visit your sister?
6. Permission

Modal:
1. Can
2. Could
3. May
4. Might
Examples:
-
They used in positive affirmative form.
He could accompany may beautiful sister if he keeps his promise.
They may attend that concert if they buy the ticket.
7. Ability (kemampuan/dapat, bisa).
 Modal :
1. Can
: present / future
2. Could
: Past only
3. Be able to
: All tenses
Examples :
-
He can run fast now
Wawan could run fast without stopping when he was twenty
I am able to dance Bali nicely
8. Prohibition (larangan, tidak boleh)
 Modal:
1. Must not → Present Future
Examples :
-
You must not smoke in the class when class begins
They mustn’t go to Bandung now.
9. Necessary (Keinginan yang kuat, harus)

Modal :
1. Must →present, future
2. Have to → present
3. Had to → past
Examples :
-
If you want to pass in your test, you must study harder.
They had to forgive their patient teacher.
10. Suggestion (nasehat, sebaiknya, seharusnya)
 Modal :
1. Could
Example:
(It is often used to give more than one solution). Rini is confused to choose
her major subject in University. I say, “you could choose in a departement
that is proper with what you want or you would share to your teacher to see
your talent”.
11. Advisability (nasehat, sebaiknya)
 Modal:
1. Should
= seharusnya/sebaiknya
Future)
2. Ought to
= seharusnya/sebaiknya
Future)
3. Had Better
= lebih baik
Should digunakan untuk ;
-
You should respect your parent
You ought to practice what has you gotten
12. Expectation (Pengharapan)
 Modal :
(Past,
Present,
(Past,
Present,
1. Be to = Harus
2. Be supposed to = Seharusnya
Be to dan Be Supposed to sering digunakan untuk
menyatakan aktifitas yang sudah terjadwal.
Be Supposed to digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa orang
pertama meminta orang lain untuk melakukan sesuatu.
Example :
-
Our headmaster is supposed to give a naughty boy punishment.
13. Preference (Kesukaan, lebih suka)
 Modal :
1. Would Rather
If the sentence compares between two things
(S + Would Rather + V1...........than V1............= formal)
She would rather write a novel than plag the guster
(S + Would rather + V1............than to.............= informal)
- I would rather hurt my self than to ever make you cry.
(S + Prefer + O to O)
- I prefer Rambutan to Banana
(S + Prefer + V ing .............to V ing)
- She prefer drinking coffee to drinking tea
(S + Prefer + to Infinitive ............. (to) to Infinitive .................)
- My father prefers to watch TV to wash a car
14. Semi Modal
-
A. Need
1. As Noun
Meaning : Kebutuhan
- Eating is human basic need
2. As Verb (need, needed, needed)
Meaning : Kebutuhan
- They need you
- I need an Umbrella
3. As Modal Auxilary
Meaning : membutuhkan, memerlukan
- You needn’t visit your naughty friend
B. Dare
1. As Noun
Meaning : tantangan
- Don’t care their dare
2. As Verb (dare, dared, dared)
Meaning : menantang
- Muhammad Ali dares Hollifield to fight
3. As Modal
Meaning : Berani, menantang
- I dare dare you
- The man dare pass the area himself at night
PASSIVE VOICE
A. PENGERTIAN DAN POLA PASSIVE VOICE
Passive Voice (kalimat pasif) adalah kalimat yang di dalam Bahasa
Indonesia menggunakan kata kerja berawalan “di” (dipanggil, ditulis, dijual
dan sebagainya). Passive Voice ini tidak akan pernah lepas dari bahan
percakapan sehari-hari meupun di dalam buku-buku bacaan. Dalam Bahasa
Inggris kalimat pasif menggunakan pola :
TO BE + VERB-III
Pola ini berlaku untuk semua tenses yang ada. Tentu saja “To Be”
dalam kalimat harus disesuaikan dengan tenses dan subjek yang
dipergunakan. Namun demikian bentuk pasif “been being” dan “be being”
jarang sekali dipakai.
Aturan-aturannya merubah kalimat dari aktif ke pasif (The rules of Passive
Voice) adalah :
1. The sentence must have oject (transitive verb). It must have question
word which asks object.
2. Object in active will be subject in passive.
3. Subject in active will be object in passive.
4. We must use past participle (verb-III).
5. The arrange of sentence depends on tenses.
I). SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
Pattern :
Is, Are, Am, + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I write a letter (active)
A letteris written by me (passive).
2. I don’t write a letter
A letter is not written by me.
3. Do you write a letter?
Is a letter written by you?
4. Who writes a letter?
By whom is a letter wtitten?
5. What do you write?
What is written by you?
6. What do you do?
What is done by you?
7. Whom do you miss?
Who is missed by you?
8. Why do you miss me?
Why am I missed by you?
9. Where do you write a letter?
Where is a letter written by you?
10. When does he cook a noodle?
When is a noodle cooked by him?
II). PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern :
Is, Am, Are + Being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I am reading a book
A book is being read by me
2. I am not reading a book
A book isn’t being read by me
3. Are you reading a book?
Is a book being read by you?
4. Who is reading a book?
By whom is a book being read?
5. What are you reading?
What is being read by you?
6. What are you doing?
What is being done by you?
7. Whom are they looking at?
Who is being looked at by them?
8. When are you taking a book?
When is a book being taken by you?
9. How many students is she teaching?
How many students are being tought by her?
10. Whose aunt are you helping?
Whose aunt is being helped by you?
III). PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
Pattern :
Have/Has + been + Verb-III
For Example :
1. They have brought a pen
A pen has been brought by them
2. They haven’t brought a pen
A pen hasn’t been brought by them
3. Have they brought a pen?
Has a pen been brought by them?
4. Who has brought a pen?
By whom has a pen been brought?
5. What have they brought?
What has been brought by them?
6. What have they done?
What has been done by them?
7. What has eaten grass?
By What has grass been eaten?
8. Whom has she seen?
Who has been seen by her?
9. How long have you spoken Arabic?
How long has Arabic been spoken by you?
IV). PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern :
Have/Has + Been + Being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. We have been cutting grass
Grass has been being cut by me
2. I haven’t been cutting grass
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Grass hasn’t been being cut by me
Have I been cutting grass?
Has grass been being cut by me?
Who has been cutting grass?
By whom has grass been being cut?
What have I been cutting?
What has been being cut by me?
What have you been doing?
What has been being done by you?
Whom have you been killing?
Who has been being killed by you?
How long have you been watching television?
How long has television been being watched by you?
V). SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Pattern :
Was/were + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I took money
Money was taken by me
2. I didn’t take money
Money wasn’t taken by me
3. Did you take money?
Was money taken by you?
4. Who took money?
By whom was money taken?
5. What did you take?
What was taken by you?
6. What did you do?
What was done by you?
7. What ate a mouse?
By what was a mouse seaten?
8. Whom did you see?
Who was seen by you?
9. Whose child did you help?
Whose child was helped by you?
10. Whose father helped you?
By whose father were you helped?
11. Which girl loved him?
By which girl was he loved?
12. Which girl did he love?
Which girl was loved by him?
VI). PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern :
Was/Were + being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. She was telling story
Story was being told by her
2. She wasn’t telling story
Story wasn’t being told by her
3. Was she telling story?
Was story being told by her?
4. Who was telling story?
By whome was story being told?
5. What was she telling?
What was being told by her?
6. What was she doing?
What was being done by her?
7. What was killing a dog?
By what was a dog being killed?
8. Whom were you looking at?
Who was being looked at by you?
9. Whose father was helping him?
By whose father was he being helped?
10. Whose father were you helping?
Whose father was being helped by you?
11. How many teachers were teaching us?
By how many teachers were we being tought?
12. How many teachers was she looking at?
How many teachers were being looked at by her?
VII). PAST PERFECT TENSE
Pattern :
Had + Been + Verb-III
For Example :
1. He had studied English
English had been studied by him
2. He hadn’t studied English
English hadn’t been studied by him
3. Had he studied English?
Had English been studied by him?
4. Who had studied English?
By whom had English been studied?
5. What had he studied?
What had been studied by him?
6. What had he done?
What had been done by him?
7. What had eaten rice?
By what had rice been eaten?
8. Whom had they seen?
Who had been seen by them?
9. What for had you bought a knife?
What for had a knife been bought by you?
VIII). PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern:
Had + Been + Being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. They had been studying English
English had been being studied by them
2. They hadn’t been studied English
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
English hadn’t been being studied by them
Had they been studying English?
Had English been being studied by them?
Who had been studying English?
By whom English been being studied?
What had they been studying?
What had been being studied by them?
What had they been doing?
What had been being done by them?
What had been cassava eating?
By what had cassava been being eaten?
Whom had they been waiting for?
Who had been being waited for by them?
How had you been studying English?
How had English been being studied by you?
IX). SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE
Pattern :
Will + Be + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I will buy a pen
A pen will be bought by me
2. I won’t buy a pen
A pen won’t be bought by me
3. Will you buy a pen?
Will a pen be bought by you?
4. Who will buy a pen?
By whom will a pen be bought?
5. What will you buy?
What will be bought by you?
6. What will you do?
What will be done by you?
7. What will kill her?
By what will she be killed?
8. Whom will you love?
Who will be love by you?
X). FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern :
Will + Be + Being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I will be speaking Sundanese
Sundanese will be being spoken by me
2. I won’t be speaking Sundanese
Sundanese won’t be being spoken by me
3. Will you be speaking Sundanese?
Will Sundanese be being spoken by you?
XI). FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Pattern :
Will + Have + Been + Verb-III
For Example :
1. You will have sung a song
A song will have been sung by you
2. You won’t have sung a song
A song won’t have been sung by you
3. Will you have sung a song?
Will a song have been sung by you?
XII). FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern :
Will + Have + Been + Being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. She will have been reading magazine
Magazine will have been being read by her
2. She won’t have been reading magazine
Magazine won’t have been being read by her
3. Will she have been reading magazine?
Will magazine have been being read by her?
XIII). SIMPLE PAST FUTURE
Pattern :
Would + Be + Verb-III
For Example :
1. We would solve this problem
This problem would be solved by us
2. We wouldn’t solve this problem
This problem wouldn’t be solved by us
3. Would we solve this problem?
Would this problem be solved by us?
XIV). PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern :
Would + Be + Being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I would be doing homework
Homework would be being done by me
2. I wouldn’t be doing homework
Homework wouldn’t be being done by me
3. Would you be doing homework?
Would homework be being done by you?
XV). PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE
Pattern :
Would + Have + Been + Verb-III
For Example :
1. You would have seen flower
Flower would have been seen by you
2. You wouldn’t have seen flower
Flower wouldn’t have been seen by you
3. Would I have seen flower?
Would have flower been seen by you?
XVI). PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE
Pattern :
Would + Have + Been + Being + Verb-III
For Example :
1. They would have been killing a cow
A cow would have been being killed by them
2. They wouldn’t have been killing a cow
A cow wouldn’t have been being killed by them
3. Would they have been killing a cow ?
Would a cow have been being killed by them ?
B. MODAL PASSIVE VOICE
1). Present Modal
Pattern :
Will, Shall, Can, May, Must, Have to + Be + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I will speak Japanese
Japanese will be spoken by me
2. I can speak Japanese
Japanese can be spoken by me
3. I can’t speak Japanese
Japanese can’t be spoken by me
4. Can you speak Japanese?
Can Japanese be spoken by you?
5. Who can speak Japanese?
By whom can Japanese be spoken?
6. What can you speak?
What can be spoken by you?
7. What can you do?
What can be done by you?
8. You may take a bag
A bag may be taken by you
9. I must study Arabic
Arabic must be studied by me
10. What must you study?
What must be studied by you?
11. Who must study Arabic?
By whom must Arabic be studied ?
12. What must you do ?
What must be done by you?
13. I have to speak Arabic
Arabic has to be spoken by me
14. I don’t have to speak Arabic
Arabic doesn’t have to be spoken by me
15. Do you have to speak Arabic?
Does Arabic have to be spoken by you ?
16. Who has to speak Arabic ?
By whom does Arabic have to be spoken ?
17. What do you have to speak ?
What has to be spoken by you ?
18. What do you have to do ?
What has to be done by you ?
19. What has to eat rice ?
By what does rice have to be eaten ?
20. Whom do you have to see ?
Who has to be seen by you ?
21. To Be Going To
Pattern :
To be going to + Be + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I am going to speak english (active)
English is going to be spoken by me (passive)
22. To Be Able To
Pattern :
To Be Able To + Be + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I am able to speak Arabic
Arabic is able to be spoken by me
2. I will be able to spppeeeak Chinese
Chinese will be able to be spoken by me
2). PAST MODAL
Pattern :
Would, Should, Could, Might, Had To + Be + Verb-III
For Example :
1. I would see you
You would be seen by me
2. You would study English
English would be studied by you
3. He could sing a song
A song could be sung by him
4. You might take an umbrella
An umbrella might be taken by you
5. I had to sell a book
A book had to be sold by me
6. I didn’t have to sell a book
A book didn’t have to be sold by me
7. Did you have to sell a book ?
Did a book have to be sold by you?
8. Who had to sell a book ?
By whom did a book have to be sold ?
9. What did you have to sell ?
What had to be sold by you ?
10. What did you have to do ?
What had to be done by you ?
11. What had to kill me ?
By what did I have to be killed ?
12. Whom did you have to kill ?
Who had to be killed by you ?
Notes :
1) Bentuk pasif biasanya juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan
perbuatan yang dilakukan tidak dengan sengaja, atau dalam Bahasa
Indonesia sepadan dengan arti “TER” dalam kalimat berikut ini :
a. I was woken up by that noise
( Saya terbangnkan oleh suara gaduh itu )
b. I was surprised to see him
( saya terkejut melihat dia )
c. I am interested in foreign language
( saya tertarik pada bahasa asing )
d. The door is locked
( pintu itu terkunci )
e. The window is opened
( jendela itu terbuka )
f. The room is closed
( kamar itu tertutup )
2) Kadang-kadang bentuk aktif (terutama infinitive) sering mempunyai
arti atau dimaksudkan untuk menyatakan pasif.
Contoh :
a. This book is easy to understand
( buku ini mudah untuk difahami )
b. He has a large family to support
( Dia mempunyai keluarga besar yang harus dibantu )
c. I have bought a new book to read
( Saya telah membeli sebuah buku baru untu dibaca )
d. There are many problems to solve
( Terdapat banyak masalah untuk dipecahkan )
e. There are many difficult to overcome
( Terdapat banyak kesulitan untuk diatasi )
3) Jika kita melarang melakukan sesuatu kepada orang lain dengan
melibatkan kata kerja “di”, maka setelah kata “don’t” harus diletakan
“be”.
Contoh :
4)
a.
b.
c.
a. Don’t be killded ! ( jangan dibunuh )
b. Don’t be thrown ! ( Jangan dibuang )
c. Don’t be hurt ! ( Jangan disakiti )
d. Don’t be locked down ! ( Jangan dihina )
e. Don’t be written ! ( Jangan ditulis )
f. Don’t be heard ! ( Jangan didengar )
Jika dalam kalimat aktif terdapat dua objek, maka kedua-duanya
dapat dijadikan subjek dalam kalimat pasif.
Contoh :
Aktif : He gave me a book
( I was given a book by him ) passive
( a book was given to me by him ) passive
Aktif : She was bringing them a parcel
( They were being brought a parcel by her ) passive
( a parcel was being brought to them by her ) passive
Aktif : they lend me a pen
( I am lent a pen by them ) passive
( a pen is lent to me by them ) passive
THE COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE
Qualitative Adjective adalah suatu adjective yang menerangkan bentuk
atau keadaan suatu benda Qualitative Adjective mempunyai tiga tingkatan
yang disebut Degree of Comparison.
1. Positive Degree of Comparison = Setara
2. Comparative Degree of Comparison
= Lebih
3. Superlative Degree of Comparison
= Paling/ter...
A. Positive Degree of Comparison
Digunakan untuk membanndingkan dua hal yang setara dan bila dua hal
yang dibandingkan tersebut tidak setara maka ketidaksetaraannya
dinyatakan dalam kalimat negatif.
Conjuction :
As .......................... as = (kalimat + , -)
Perbandingannya kata sifat
So .......................... as = (kalimat -)
Artinya : sama ...........................nya dengan / se ..........................
Example : She is as beautiful as Desy Ratnasari (is)
Namun bila perbandingannya berupa kata benda seperti : length, weight,
age, color, etc. Maka konjuctionnya kalimat (+,-) : the same.............as
Example : My ruler is the same length as her ruler (is).
B. Comparative Degree of Comparison : Lebih
Formula :
 Comparative + Than
= Lebih ...........................
Dari
 Much / Far + Comparative + Than
= Jauh Lebih ...................
Dari
Example :
Sinta is 20 years old
= Sinta is younger than Santi
Santi is 25 years old
= Santi is older than Sinta
□ Double Compara ve
1. General Double Comparative
Formula :
The Comparative ........................., the comparative ..........................
Artinya : Semakin ........................, Semakin .......................................
Ciri-cirinya :
▪ Adjective yang digunakan berbeda
▪ Terletak di depan
Examples :
◌ Semakin dalam, semakin sempit
narrower
◌ Semakin jauh kuberjalan, semakin lelah kurasakan
the more tired I feel.
2. Gradual Degree of Comparison
Formula : Comparative and Comparative
= The deeper, the
= The farher I walk,
Artinya : Semakin lama semakin ...........................
Ciri-cirinya : ▪ Adjective yang digunakan selalu sama
▪ Terletak dalam kalimat
Examples : Dian semakin lama semakin kurus = Dian is Thinner and Thinner
C. superlative
Formula : The + Superlative + in /of/ among
Artinya : Paling / ter ...... di / diantara ..................
Examples :
Name
Age
Andi is the youngest among them, ani is the
Andi
18
oldest among them
Ali
20
Ani
22
ATURAN MEMBUAT TINGKAT PERBANDINGAN
A. Penambahan Er untuk tingkat Komparatif (lebih) dan Est untuk
tingkat Superlatif (paling) digunakan bila :
1. Kata-kata sifat yang memiliki satu suku kata
Cheap
Cheaper
Cheapest
Murah
Short
Shorter
Shortest
Pendek
Rich
Richer
Richest
Kaya
Great
Greater
Greatest
Besar
2. Kata-kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang tekanan suaranya
jatuh pada suku kata kedua
Polite
Politer
Politest
Sopan
Impolite
Impoliter
Impolitest
Tidak sopan
Sincere
Sincerer
Sincerest
Tulus
3. Kata-kata sifat yang berakhir dengan huruf mati dan didahului oleh
satu huruf hidup, maka huruf mati (konsonan) terakhir ditulis double
(ganda).
Big
Bigger
Biggest
Besar
Fat
Fatter
Fattest
Gemuk
Sad
Sadder
Saddest
Sedih
Glad
Gladder
Gladdest
Gembira/Suka
Thin
Thinner
Thinnest
Kurus
4. Kata-kata sifat yang terdiri dari dua suku kata yang berakhiran
dengan huruf ER, LE, OW, SOME, dan Y (dibelakang konsonan).
Clever
Cleverer
Cleverest
Pandai
Simple
Simpler
Simplest
Sederhana
Shallow
Shallower
Shallowest
Dangkal
Handsome
Handsomer
Handsomest
Ganteng
5. Kata sifat yang berakhiran huruf – Y dan sebelum huruf –Y itu huruf
mati, maka huruf –Y itu ditukar menjadi huruf –i sebelum ditambah
ER dan EST.
Pretty
Prettier
Prettiest
Cantik
Dry
Drier
Driest
Kering
Holy
Holier
Holiest
Suci
Heavy
Heavier
Heaviest
Ringan
6. Tetapi bila sebelum huruf –Y pada kata sifat itu adalah uruf hidup,
maka hanya langsung ditambah ER dan EST.
Gay
gayer
Gayest
Gray
Grayer
Grayest
7. Jika kata-kata sifat beraturan berakhir dengan huruf –E, maka
langsung ditambah dengan –R atau ST.
Large
Larger
Largest
Besar
Able
Abler
Ablest
Dapat
Strange
Stranger
Strangest
Asing
PENGECUALIAN :
Pleased
More Pleased
Most Pleased
Tired
More Tire
Most Tired
Fond
More Fond
Most Fond
Glad
More Glad
Most Glad
B. Pemakaian MORE dan MOST di depan kata sifat sebagai berikut :
1. Kata Sifat yang terdiri dari 3 suku kata atau lebih.
Beautiful
More Beautiful
Most Beautiful
Difficult
More Difficult
Most Difficult
Careful
More Careful
Most Careful
Diligent
More Diligent
Most Diligent
Expensive
More Expensive
Most Expensive
2. Kata Sifat yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata dengan tekanan suara jatuh
pada suku kata pertama.
Modern
More Modern
Most Modern
Famous
More Famous
Most Famous
Modest
More Modest
Most Modest
Perfect
More Perfect
Most Perfect
C. Tingkat perbandingan dari kata-kata sifat yang tak beraturan
(Irregular degree of comparison).
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
Good
Better
Best
Bad (ill, evil)
Worse
Worst
Fore (depan)
Former
Foremost, First
Hind (belakang)
Hinder
Hindmost
Late
Later, Latter
Latest, Last
Little (kecil)
Smaller
Smallest
Much (quantity)
More
Most
Many (number)
More
Most
Nigh (dekat, hampir)
Nigher
Nighest, Next
Old
Older, Elder
Oldest, Eldest
Near (dekat)
Nearer
Nearest, Next
NOUN CLAUSES
INTRODUCTION
A noun is used as a subject or an object
A noun clauses is used as a subject or an object, in other word, a noun clause
is used in the same ways as a noun.
a. His Story was interesting
In (a) : story is a noun, it is as the
b. What he said was interesting
subject of the sentence
In (b) : what He said is a noun
clause. It is used as the subject of
the sentence. The noun clause has
its own subject (he) and verb (said).
c. I heard his story
d. I heard what he said
In (c) : story is a noun. It is as the
object of the verb heard
In (d) : what he said is a noun
clause. It is used as the object of
the verb heard.
WORD USED TO INTRODUCE NOUN CLAUSES
1. Question words
2. Wheter
3. That
When
Who
Whose
If
Where
Whom
Why
What
How
Which
NOUN CLAUSES WHICH BEGIN WITH A QUESTION WORD
QUESTION
(a) I don’t know In (a) : Where she
Where does she live?
where She lives. lives is the object of
What did He say?
(b) I couldn’t hear the verb know. Don’t
what He said.
use question word
When do they arrive?
(c) Do you know order in a noun
when
they clause, the subject
arrive?
precedes the verb.
Notice : does, did an
do are used in
question but not in
noun clauses.
S
V
S
Who lives there?
V
In (d) : the word
What happened?
(d) I don’t know who order is the same in
Who is at the door?
lives there
both the question
(e) Please tell me and the noun clause
what happened
because who is the
(f) I wonder who is subject in both
at the door.
S
V
S
Who is she?
V
In (g) : she is the
Who are those men?
Whose house is that?
▪ Compare :
who is at the door?
who are those men?
plural.
(g) I don’t know who
she is
(h) I don’t know who
those men are
(i) I wonder whose
house that is
subject
of
the
question, so it is
placed in front of the
verb be in the noun
clause.▪
= who is the subject of he question
= those men is the subject of the question, so be is
ADVERB CLAUSE
Adverb clause adalah klausa terikat yang berfungsi sebagai adverb
(keterangan) dalam kalimat majemuk, jadi dapat menggantikan adverb dalam
kalimat tunggal.
Adverb Clause mempunyai banyak ragam seperti halnya adverb, yaitu :
A. Adverbial Clause of Time
Adverbial Clause of time biasanya diawali dengan konjungsi after, before,
when, as, as soon as, untill, while.
After
a. After she graduates, she will get a job.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
n.
o.
p.
q.
r.
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
After she (had) graduated, she got a job.
Before
I will leave before he comes.
I (had) left before he come.
When
When I arrived, he was talking on the phone.
When I got there, he had already left.
When t began to rain, I stood under a tree.
When I was in Chicago, I visited the museums.
When I see him tomorrow, I will ask him
Whille As
While I was walking home, it began to rain.
As I was walking home, it began to rain.
By the Time
By the time he arrived, we had already left.
By the times he comes, we will already have left.
Since
I haven’t seen him since he left this mornin.
Untill
We stayed there untill we finished our work.
Till
We stayed there till we finished our work.
As soon as
As soon as it stops rainin, we will leave.
Once
Once it stops raining, we will leave.
As long as
I will never speak to him again as long as I live.
So long as
I will never speak to him again so long as I live.
Whenever
Whenever I see her, I say hello.
Every time
Every time I see her, I say hello.
The first time
The first time I went to New York, I went to an
The last time
opera.
The next time
x. I saw two plays the last time I went to New York.
y. The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a
ballet.
B. Adverbial Clause of Place
Adverbial clause of place diawali dengan konjungsi where atau whenever
Contoh : Siska lives where she was born
C. Adverbial Clause of Reason
Because
a. Because he was sleepy, he went to bed
b. He went to bed because he was sleepy
Since
c. Since he is not interested in classical music, he
decided not to go to the concert
Now That
d. Now that the semester is finished, I am going to
rest a few days and then take a trip.
As
e. As she had nothing in particular to do, she call up a
friend and ask her if she wanted to take in a movie.
As long as/so
f. As long as (so lon as) you are not busy. Could you
long as
help me with this work?
In as much as
g. In as much as the two government leaders could
not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace
are still remote.
D. Adverbial Clause Of Purpose and Result
Adverbial clause of purpose and result diawali dengan konjungsi so, so that,
in order that.
Contoh : Tony studies hard so that he would pass admission test.
E. Adverbial Clause of Concession
Adverbial clause of concession diawali dengan konjungsi though, although,
eventhough.
Contoh : Although it was raining, they went to the party.
Eventhough
a. Even though it was cold, I went swimming
Although
b. Although it was cold, I went swimming
though
c. Though it was cold, I went swimming
F. Adverbial Clause of Condition
Adverbial clause of condition diawali dengan konjungsi if, unless,
providing/provided that, on condition that.
Contoh : we will not be able to answer the question if we do not read the
text.
G. Adverbial Clause of Contrast
Adverbial clause of contrast diawali dengan konjungsi while, whereas, but,
however, on the other hand.
Whereas
a. Mary is rich, whereas Jhon is poor
While
b. Mary is rich, while Jhon is poor
c. Jhon is poor. While mary is rich
d. Whereas Mary is rich, Jhon is poor
But
e. Mary is rich, but Jhon is poor
f. Jhon is poor, but Mary is rich
However
g. Mary is rich, however jhon is poor
On the other
h. Jhon is poor, however, Mary is rich
hand
i. Mary is rich, on the other hand Jhon is poor
j. Jhon is poor. Mary, on the other hand is rich
H. Adverbial Clause of Cause and Effect
Adverbial clause of cause and effect diawali dengan konjungsi so, such...
1. S + Verb + So +
Adjective
+ sentence
Adverb
Terry run so fast that he could be the winner
2. S + Verb + So +
Man’s
+ plural count noun + that + sentence
Few
I had so few job offers that it was not difficult to select one.
3. S + Verb + So +
Much
+ non = count noun + sentence
Little
4. S + Verb + Such + Adjective
Singular count noun + that + sentence
Atau
S + Verb + So + adjective
Singular count noun + that + sentence
a/an +
It was such a hot day that we go swimming
It was so hot a day that we go swimming
5. S + Verb + Such + Adjective
+ (plural count noun)
+ Non = count noun) + that + subject +
Verb
This is such difficult homework that I will never finish it.
PARTICIPLE
Participle adalah V-ing dan V-3 yang berfungsi sebagai kata kerja dan
kata sifat dalam kalimat.
Participle dibedakan :
1. Present Participle (V-ing)
a. Sebagai kata kerja
Present Participle sebagai kata kera terdapat dalam semua
tenses continuous.
Example:
- They had been finishing their duty when you came
- I am sleeping
b. Sebagai kata sifat
Karena Present Participle ini berfungsi sebagai kata sifat, maka
bisa membentuk kalimat nominal dan fhrase kata benda.
Example :
Kalimat Nominal
Kalimat Phrase
- The book is interesting
- Interesting book
- The girl is charming
- Charming girl
- The boy is confusing, etc
- Boiling water, etc
2. Past Participle (V-3)
a. Sebagai kata kerja
Past Participle sebagai kata kerja terdapat dalam semua tenses
perfect dan passive voice.
Example :
- I have finished my duty for 3 hours.
- She was given money by her mother.
b. Sebagai kata sifat
Seperti halnya Present Participle, maka past participle juga bisa
membentuk kalimat nominal dan phrase kata benda.
Examples :
Kalimat Nominal
Kalimat phrase
-
He is confused
They are worried
I am tired, etc
Present Participle after Special Verbs
-
Fried chicken
Roasted corn
Polluted water, etc
a. Verb of Sensation (notice, observe, find, smell, fel, hear, listen. (to),
watch, see).
Form : S + V + O + Present Participle
Example :
- I smell something burning
- He saw me passing
b. After Spend / waste
Form : S + Spend / Waste + time/money + Present Participle
Examples :
-
I want to spend my life time loving you
Don’t waste your time doing nothing!
REFERENCES
Abrams, Kathleen S. Communication at Work, Prentice Hall, 1986, London.
Anonimous (n.d), Economics—Its Concept and Purpose in Islam, parvezvedeo.com.
Anonimous (n.d) Learning Accounting and Bookkeeping Basics Accounting
System Basics: a Quick Primer, www.accounting-and-bookkeepingtips.com.
Anoninous (n.d) Learning Accounting and Bookkeeping Basics Financial
Analisys – The Accountant’s Tool, myconet.com.
Anonimous (n.d) Principles Of Islamic Banking, parvez-vedeo.com.
Arifin, Tajul, English For Academic Purposes II, Gunung Djati Press, 1997,
Bandung.
Bates, Dianne, The New Writer’s Survival Guide, Penguin Books, Victoria,
1989, Australia.
Beasley, Vic, Eurekal Or How to be a Successful Student, Health and
Counselling Service, Flinders University, 1984, Adelaide.
Beheshti, S.M, Islamic Economic, Fajar Press, 1992, Tehran.
Chapra, Umar, The Islamic Welfare State and Its Role in the Economic Studies
in Islamic Economics, 1980, Redwood Burn Limited, UK.
Fredrickson, Terry L, English by Newspaper, Newbury House Publishers, 1984,
Rowley.
Gazzali, I.M, Ihya Ulum-id-Din, English Translation by Al-Haj Maulaana Fazlur
Karim, Sind Sagar Academy, 1971, Lahore, Pakistan.
Gunther, Neil,The Chakkenge of Debating: How to make your point quickly
and effectively, Reed Book, 1988, New South Wales.
Harris, David P, Reading Improvement Exercises for Students of English as a
Second Language, Prentice Hall, 1966, New Jersey.
Heaton, J.B. and N.D. Turton, Longman Dictionary of Common Errors,
Longman House, 1987, England.
Holland, James A. And Julian S. Webb, Learning Legal Rules: A Student’s Guide
to Legal Method and Reasoning, Blackstone Press limited, 1991,
London.
Islahi, S.D, Islam at a Glance, Call to Islam and How the Prophets Preached,
1987, Lahore, Pakistan.
Kamali, M.H, Tas’ir (Price Control) in Islamic Law, The American Journal of
Islamic Sciences, Vol. 11 No. 1. Spring, pp,25-36, 1994.
Kaye, Sanford, Writing Under Pressure, Oxford University Press, 1989, New
York.
Lester, James D, Writing Research Papers: A Complete Guide, Scott, Foresman
and Company, 1967, Illinois.
Masani, M. R, Liberalism:Leslie Sawhny Programme Of Training For
Democracy, Revised Edition, t.t. Orient House, Mangalore Street,
Ballard Estate, Bombay.
Maududi, Abul Ala, Economic Problem of Man, 1973, Lahore, Pakistan.
Mikulecky, B.S. and Linda Jeffries, Reading Power, Addison-Wesley Publishing
Co., 1986, Massachusetts.
Muttahhari. M, Islamic Economic, Sadra Pub. 1993, Tehran, Iran.
Ramsay, M.A, A Guide to English Usage for Australian Students, Moreton Bay
Publishing, 1985, Quennsland.
Sadr, Muhammad. B, Iqtisaduna (our economic), 2nd Edition, 1994, Tehran,
Iran.
Sharpe, Pamela J, How to Prepare for the TOEFL Test, Eight Edition, Barron’s
Educational Series, Inc., 1997, Yuma.
Siddiqi M. N, Muslim Economic Thinking: A Survey of Contemporary
Literature, The Islamic Foundation, 1981, United Kingdom.
Starke, J. G, Introduction to International Law, Butterworths, pp, 3-7, 31-55,
1984, London.
Stevenson, Jane L. And Susan Sprachman, Reading the Social Sciences in
English, Longman House, 1981, London.
Strunk, William Jr. And E. B. White, The Elements of Style, MacMillan
Publishing Co., 1979, New York.
Swan, Nichael, Practical English Usage, Oxford University Press, 1980,
London.
Taheri, Mohammad R. (n.d.), The Basic Principles of Islamic Economy And
Their Effects on Accounting Standards-Setting, Parvez-vedeo.com.
Taskhiri, Ayatullah Muhammad Ali (n.d.), Islamic Economy: Its Ideological and
Legal Foundations, Parvez-vede0.com.
The Holy Qur’an, Text, Translation and Commentary by A. Yusuf Ali, Amana
Corp, 1983, Lahore, Pakistan.
Thomson, A.J. and A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford
University Press, 1980, London.
Weber, M. The Prophet in Personality and Religion: The Role of Religion in
Personality Development, Sadler W (ed), SCM Press Ltd, 1970,
London.
Nama
NIP/NIK
Tempat dan Tanggal
Lahir
Alamat Kantor
Alamat
Telp / Faks
Alamat Rumah
Telp / Faks
Alamat E-mail
CURRICULUM VITAE
: Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag
: 19721031 200710 1 001
: Bandung, 31 Oktober 1972
:
:
:
:
UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung
Jl. A.H. Nasution No. 105 Cibiru Bandung
022-7802278, 7802844
Gg. Budi I No. 14 RT 01 RW 04 KEL. Cipadung
KEC. Cibiru Kota Bandung
: 085294483322/(022) 92747273
: [email protected]
Tahun
Lulus
1998
2003
Tahun
2008
2009
Mata
Kuliah
Filsafat
Hukum
Islam
Bahasa
Inggris
Mata
Kuliah
RIWAYAT PENDIDIKAN PERGURUAN TINGGI
Program Pendidikan
Perguruan Tinggi
Jurusan/
(diploma, Sarjana,
Program Studi
Magister, Spesialis,
dan Doktor)
Program Pendidikan
IAIN SGD
Perdata Pidana
Sarjana (S1)
Bandung
Islam
Program Pendidikan
IAIN SGD
Konsentrasi
Magister (S2)
Bandung
Hukum dan
Pranata Sosial
Islam
PELATIHAN PROFESIONAL
Jenis Pelatihan ( Dalam/Luar
Penyelenggara
Negeri)
Diklat Prajabatan Golongan III
Balai Diklat dan
Ketenagaan
(Dalam Negeri)
Departemen
Agama Propinsi
Jawa Barat
Lembaga
Desain Pembelajaran
Penelitian UIN SGD
Bandung
PENGALAMAN MENGAJAR
Program
Institusi/Jurusan/Program
Pendidikan
Studi
Sarjana (S1)
UIN SGD Bandung
Sarjana (S1)`
UIN SGD Bandung
PRODUK BAHAN AJAR
Program
Jenis Bahan Ajar (Cetak
Pendidikan
dan Noncetak)
Jangka
Waktu
1 Bulan
20 Jam
Sem/Tahun
Akademik
2005 s/d
sekarang
2005 s/d
sekarang
Sem / Tahun
Akademik
Bahasa
Inggris 1
Bahasa
Inggris 2
Sarjana (S1)
Buku—Cetak
Sarjana (S1)
Buku—Cetak
2007 s/d
sekarang
2008 s/d
sekarang
PENGALAMAN PENELITIAN
Tahun
Judul Penelitian
Ketua / anggota Sumber Dana
Tim
1998
Mekanisme kependudukan pribadi
pribadi
kelurahan Cipadung
Kecamatan Cibiru Kota
Bandung ditinjau dari fiqh
Dusturiyah
2003
Reformasi Hukum
Pribadi
Pribadi
Kewarisan dalam Kompilasi
Hukum Islam di Indonesia
KARYA ILMIAH*
A. Buku/Bab Buku/Jurnal
Tahun
Judul
Penerbit / Jurnal
2007
English for The Islamic Economy
Sunan Gunung Djati
Studies
Press
2008
English Writing Skills
Sunan Gunung Djati
Press
B. Makalah / Poster
Tahun
Judul
2009
Makalah : Filsafat dan Metodologi
Hukum Islam
2009
Makalah : Metodologi Hukum
Islam dan Ilmu Ushul Fiqh
2010
Makalah : Metode Kasyfiyah
2010
Makalah : Metodologi Hukum
Islam Sunni
Tahun
penyelenggara
Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum
Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum
Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum
Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum
KONFERENSI / SEMINAR / LOKAKARYA / SIMPOSIUM
Judul Kegiatan
Penyelenggara
Panitia /
Peserta /
Pembicara
Peserta
2007
Workshop Strategi
Pembelajaran Bahasa
Inggris di PTAI
Pusat Bahasa UIN
SGD Bandung
2009
Seminar Internasional
Hukum Islam dalam
Konteks Persaudaraan
Bangsa Serumpun
International Seminar
Pembangunan Manusia
Di Indonesia
Fakultas Syari’ah
dan Hukum UIN
SGD Bandung dan
UKM Malaysia
Peserta
Fakultas Syari’ah
dan Hukum UIN
SGD Bandung
peserta
2009
KEGIATAN PROFESIONAL / PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT
Tahun
Jenis / Nama Kegiatan
tempat
2009
Bedah Rumah Warga miskin
RT 04 RW 04 Kelurahan
Cipadung Kecamatan
Cibiru Kota Bandung
2009
Mendirikan Sekolah Menengah
RT 02 RW 03 Kelurahan
Kejuruan (SMK) Bhakti Mandiri
Cipadung Kecamatan
Cibiru Kota Bandung
JABATAN DALAM PENGELOLAAN INSTITUSI
Peran / Jabatan
Institusi (Univ, Fak, Jurusan, Lab,
Tahun ...........
Studio, Manajemen Sistem Informasi
s.d .............
Akademik dll)
Staf Ahli/Sekpri
Dekan Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum
2008 - 2009
Staf Jurusan
Jurusan PMH Fak. Syari’ah dan Hukum 2010 -2011
Tahun
2007
2008
PERAN DALAM KEGIATAN KEMAHASISWAAN
Jenis / Nama Kegiatan
Peran
tempat
Narasumber
Diskusi Pengembangan
Auditorium UIN
Wirausaha Mahasiswa,
SGD Bandung
LIKM KBM UIN SGD
Bandung
Narasumber
Seminar Nasional
Auditorium UIN
Revitalisasi
SGD Bandung
Pengembangan Lembaga
Keuangan Syari’ah di
Indonesia, HMJ
Muamalah UIN SGD
Bandung
Bandung, Juni 2011
(Wawan Kurniawan, M.Ag)
NIP: 19721031 200710 1 001