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UNIT 14
Clauses and Complex
Sentences
Unit 14 Overview
Lesson 14.1: Sentences and Clauses
Lesson 14.2: Complex Sentences
Lesson 14.3: Adjective Clauses
Lesson 14.4: Adverb Clauses
Lesson 14.5: Noun Clauses
Grammar Review
Click a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.
3
Unit Objectives
• To develop an understanding of simple,
compound, and complex sentences 
• To develop the ability to distinguish between
adjective, adverb, and noun clauses 
• To be able to write and punctuate simple,
compound, and complex sentences properly
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Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
Objectives
• To identify and distinguish between simple
and compound sentences 
• To recognize main clauses 
• To punctuate simple and compound
sentences correctly 
• To use main clauses appropriately in
simple and compound sentences
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Sentences and Clauses
• A sentence is a group of words that has a
subject and predicate and expresses a
complete thought. 
• A simple sentence has one complete
subject and one complete predicate. 
• The complete subject names whom or
what the sentence is about. 
• The complete predicate tells what the
subject does or has. Sometimes it tells
what the subject is or is like.
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Sentences and Clauses (cont.)
• Study the examples in the chart below.
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Sentences and Clauses (cont.)
• A compound sentence is a sentence that
contains two or more connected simple
sentences. 
• Each simple sentence in a compound
sentence is called a main clause. 
• A main clause has a subject and a
predicate and can stand alone as a
sentence.
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Sentences and Clauses (cont.)
• In the compound sentences below, each
main clause is in yellow. The connecting
elements are highlighted in blue. 
– Millions of people live in cities, but many others
reside in the suburbs. 
– Most people travel to work, and many of them
use public transportation. 
– Commuters take trains, buses, and cars; some
even fly. 
– Helicopters are often used to monitor traffic
conditions, but computers can more accurately
predict traveling time.
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Sentences and Clauses (cont.)
• If the main clauses are connected by and,
but, or or, a comma precedes the
conjunction. 
• If the main clauses are not joined by a
conjunction, a semicolon can be used as
the connector.
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Exercise 1 Identifying Simple and
Compound Sentences
Identify each sentence as simple or compound.
1. Long-distance travel was difficult for early
Americans. simple
2. In those days, people traveled in stagecoaches
and covered wagons. simple
3. Long-distance travel was possible, but it was not
very fast or comfortable. compound
4. Eventually railroads were built; tracks were laid
across the country. compound
5. Distant cities were connected, and people could
travel between them. compound
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Exercise 2 Punctuating Simple and Compound
Sentences
Underline each main clause. Add a comma or a semicolon if
needed.
1. Four million miles of roadways exist in the United
States, and problems with them do arise.
2. Accidents cause delays; poor road conditions often
result in traffic jams.
3. Traffic can be annoying for drivers ,but it can often
be bypassed.
4. Radio listeners hear traffic reports and can avoid
trouble spots.
5. Drivers could allow more driving time,but many
decide to take alternative routes.
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Close
Write a letter to a partner about a trip you
would like to take. Use both simple and
compound sentences. Trade papers with
another student and write a return letter,
using simple and compound sentences.
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Objectives
• To identify complex sentences and
subordinate clauses 
• To write more sophisticated sentences
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Complex Sentences
• A main clause has a subject and a
predicate and can stand alone as a
sentence. 
• Sometimes sentences have more than one
clause, with only one of the clauses being
a main clause. 
• The other clause or clauses are called
subordinate clauses.
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Complex Sentences (cont.)
• A subordinate clause is a group of words
that has a subject and a predicate but does
not express a complete thought and
cannot stand alone as a sentence. 
• A subordinate clause is always combined
with a main clause in a sentence. 
• A complex sentence is a sentence that
has one main clause and one or more
subordinate clauses.
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Complex Sentences (cont.)
• In each complex sentence below, the
main clause is in yellow type, and the
subordinate clause is in blue type. 
– When the sun set, the caravans stopped for
the night. 
– The dromedary has one hump, which stores
fat. 
– Most people know that camels are stubborn.
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Complex Sentences (cont.)
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Exercise 3 Identifying Complex Sentences
Underline each main clause once and each subordinate clause
twice. Then identify each sentence as complex or simple.
1. The desert is a place where most animals are not
able to live or work. complex
2. Camels are useful because they cross the desert
easily. complex
3. Camels provide necessary transportation in the
desert. simple
4. Long caravans of camels carry heavy loads
across these dry, hot regions. simple
5. Camels have double eyelashes, which protect
their eyes from the blowing sand. complex
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Close
Imagine that you are traveling by camel in
the desert. Write a brief description of the
trip in which you combine each subordinate
clause with a main clause.
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Objectives
• To identify adjective clauses and the
relative pronouns that usually introduce
adjective clauses 
• To use adjective clauses to make writing
more detailed and interesting
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Adjective Clauses
• Sometimes a subordinate clause acts as
an adjective. 
• An adjective clause adds information about
a noun or pronoun. 
• Each subordinate clause in blue type in the
sentences below is an adjective clause. 
– Ed’s bicycle, which he bought on sale, is a
ten-speed. 
– He paid a price that was incredibly low.
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Adjective Clauses (cont.)
• An adjective clause is a subordinate
clause that modifies, or describes, a noun
or pronoun in a sentence. 
• An adjective clause is usually introduced
by a relative pronoun. 
• Relative pronouns signal that a clause is a
subordinate clause and cannot stand
alone.
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Adjective Clauses (cont.)
• A list of the relative pronouns can be found
in the chart below.
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Adjective Clauses (cont.)
• A relative pronoun that begins an adjective
clause is usually the subject of the clause. 
– Allene bought the ten-speed bicycle that is the
most popular. 
– She is a person who truly loves bicycling. 
• In the first sentence above, that is the
subject of the adjective clause. 
• In the second sentence who is the subject
of the adjective clause.
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Adjective Clauses (cont.)
• An adjective clause can also begin with
where or when. 
– Allene likes trails where she can see flowers.
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Exercise 4 Identifying Adjective Clauses
Underline each adjective clause. Circle the noun that each
adjective clause modifies.
1. Bicycle riding is an activity that many people
enjoy.
2. Reckless bicyclists ignore the rules that others
obey.
3. Some athletes who ride bicycles enjoy competing
in races.
4. Many amateurs who are extremely dedicated
decide to race professionally.
5. The first recorded bicycle race, which took place
in a park near Paris in 1868, was slightly more
than a mile long.
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Exercise 5 Identifying Adjective Clauses and
Relative Pronouns
Underline each adjective clause. Circle the subject of the
adjective clause.
1. Disregarding safety rules can result in accidents
that could harm bike riders or anyone in their path.
2. All bicyclists should have helmets that are worn
for protection against serious head injuries in
accidents.
3. Those bicyclists who ride in cities should be
especially cautious.
4. Bicycle riders should always be aware of
pedestrians who may be in their path.
5. Careful riders also use arm signals, which can
alert drivers and pedestrians.
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Close
Imagine that you are riding your bike
through a city. Summarize the laws you
must obey and tell why you must obey
them. Use adjective clauses in your writing.
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Objectives
• To identify adverb clauses and
subordinating conjunctions 
• To use and punctuate adverb clauses
appropriately
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Adverb Clauses
• Sometimes a subordinate clause is an
adverb clause. 
• It may add information about the verb in
the sentence. 
• An adverb clause tells how, when, where,
why, or under what conditions the action
occurs.
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Adverb Clauses (cont.)
– Before Julia bought a bicycle, she compared
models. 
– She likes ten-speed bikes because they are
versatile. 
• In the first sentence, the adverb clause
Before Julia bought a bicycle modifies the
verb compared. 
• The adverb clause tells when Julia
compared bicycles.
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Adverb Clauses (cont.)
– Before Julia bought a bicycle, she compared
models.
– She likes ten-speed bikes because they are
versatile.
• In the second sentence, the adverb clause
because they are versatile modifies the verb
likes. 
• The adverb clause tells why she likes tenspeed bikes.
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Adverb Clauses (cont.)
• An adverb clause is a subordinate clause
that modifies, or describes, the verb in the
main clause of a complex sentence. 
• An adverb clause is introduced by a
subordinating conjunction. 
• Subordinating conjunctions signal that a
clause is a subordinate clause and cannot
stand alone.
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Adverb Clauses (cont.)
• Some common subordinating conjunctions
are listed below.
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Adverb Clauses (cont.)
• You often do not use a comma before an
adverb clause that comes at the end of a
sentence. 
• When an adverb clause introduces a
sentence, however, you always use a
comma after the adverb clause.
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Exercise 6 Identifying Adverb Clauses
Underline each adverb clause. Circle the verb that each adverb
clause modifies.
1. Before automobiles were available, some people
rode bicycles.
2. Travelers covered miles easily when they used
this simple vehicle.
3. When people wanted company and exercise,
they rode tandem bicycles.
4. Two people could enjoy this type of bicycle, since
they could ride it together.
5. No self-propelled bicycles existed until the first
one was built in 1839 by the Scottish inventor
Kirkpatrick Macmillan.
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Exercise 7 Identifying Adverb Clauses and
Subordinating Conjunctions
Underline each adverb clause. Circle the subordinating
conjunction.
1. Although it may have been less convenient than
driving, bicycle riding was more economical.
2. Some bicyclists are inconsiderate and dangerous
because they disregard rules.
3. Unless cyclists are careful, they can cause injury
to themselves and to others.
4. If a cyclist rides in the street, the bicycle is
considered a motor vehicle.
5. Whenever they ride their bicycles on the road,
cyclists must follow most motor vehicle rules.
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Close
Write a paragraph of promotional text for a
favorite type of bicycle, using adjective and
adverb clauses in your writing. Exchange
papers with a partner and identify the
adjective and adverb clauses in each
other’s paragraphs.
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Objectives
• To identify noun clauses and the words
that introduce them 
• To understand how noun clauses are used
and to use them appropriately
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Noun Clauses
• A subordinate clause can be an adjective
clause or an adverb clause. 
• Other subordinate clauses act as nouns.
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Noun Clauses (cont.)
• Notice how the noun in blue type in the
sentence below can be replaced by a noun
clause. 
– Bicyclists should wear a helmet. 
– Should whoever rides a bike wear a helmet? 
• In the second example above, the clause in
blue type, like the noun it replaces, is the
subject of the sentence. 
• Since this kind of clause acts as a noun, it
is called a noun clause.
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Noun Clauses (cont.)
• A noun clause is a subordinate clause
used as a noun. 
• You can use a noun clause in the same
ways that you can use a noun–as a
subject, a direct object, an object of a
preposition, or a predicate noun. 
• Study the examples on the following slide.
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Noun Clauses (cont.)
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Noun Clauses (cont.)
• Some of the words that can introduce noun
clauses appear in the chart below.
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Exercise 8 Identifying Noun Clauses
Underline each noun clause.
1. That bicycles outnumber cars in most countries
may surprise you.
2. Bicycling is how the majority of people in Danish
cities travel.
3. The flat terrain is what makes the Netherlands an
ideal place for biking.
4. Where you will find many cyclists is along the
many bridges of Amsterdam.
5. The fact is that many people ride bicycles to and
from school and work.
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Exercise 9 Identifying Noun Clauses
Underline each noun clause. Then write subject, direct object,
object of a preposition, or predicate noun to tell how it is used.
1. Where you ride is your choice. subject
2. The late 1800s was when bicycle racing became a
popular spectator sport. predicate noun
3. Did you know that bicycle racing has been an
Olympic event since 1896? direct object
4. Do you know when the forty-nine-mile women’s
bicycle race was added? direct object
5. I know that this race became an Olympic event in
1984. direct object
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Close
Write a list of steps you would take to prepare
for being in a bicycle race. Use sentences
with noun clauses as subjects, direct objects,
objects of prepositions, and predicate nouns.
Trade papers with a partner and identify the
function of the noun clause in each sentence,
supporting your answers with examples from
this lesson.
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Clauses and Complex Sentences
• John Steinbeck, a celebrated American
author, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1940 for
The Grapes of Wrath. 
• In 1962 he won the Nobel Prize for
Literature. 
• His short novel The Pearl, set on the coast
of the Gulf of California, is constructed
around a young fisherman, Kino, who
discovers an extraordinary pearl.
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Clauses and Complex Sentences (cont.)
• In the excerpt from The Pearl on page 511
of your textbook, Kino and his wife, Juana,
are preparing to paddle Kino’s canoe out to
the oyster beds. As you read the passage,
notice that it has been annotated to show
some of the kinds of clauses and
sentences covered in this unit.
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Review: Exercise 1
Identifying Simple and Compound
Sentences
Write simple or compound to identify each sentence.
1. The state of Nayarit lies on the western coast of
Mexico. simple
2. The Santiago River flows through Nayarit; it
empties into the Pacific Ocean. compound
3. Kino's grandfather moved north from Nayarit to a
village near La Paz. simple
4. La Paz is in Baja, or Lower California, but this
peninsula is part of Mexico. compound
5. Baja is divided into two states, and La Paz is the
capital of the southern state. compound
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Review: Exercise 2
Punctuating Simple and Compound
Sentences
Underline each main clause. Add a comma or a semicolon as
needed.
1. Pearl fisheries are on the gulf’s western shore;the
beds are on the eastern shore.
2. The formation of a pearl inside an oyster is
actually an act of self-protection.
3. Oysters are a type of mollusk ,and they have a
shell like that of other mollusks.
4. A foreign substance may enter the oyster’s shell
and irritate the oyster.
5. The foreign substance can be a grain of sand,or
it can be a harmful parasite.
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Review: Exercise 3
Distinguishing Between Simple and
Complex Sentences
Identify each sentence as simple or complex. If it is complex,
underline the subordinate clause.
1. John Steinbeck wrote a book that was titled The
Sea of Cortez. complex
2. In this book, Steinbeck told about a story that he
had heard in Mexico. complex
3. The story, which was about a great pearl, gave
Steinbeck the idea for The Pearl. complex
4. According to Steinbeck, the story may or may not
be true. simple
5. An Indian boy found a pearl in the waters near La
Paz. simple
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Review: Exercise 4
Distinguishing Between Compound
and Complex Sentences
Identify each sentence as compound or complex. If it is
complex, underline the subordinate clause.
1. The man's name is Kino, and his wife’s name is
Juana. compound
2. Kino, who earns a living as a pearl diver, is barely
able to support his wife and their baby son
Coyotito. complex
3. A crisis occurs when a scorpion bites the baby
and injects him with its deadly poison. complex
4. The local doctor refuses to treat the baby
because the couple is too poor to pay. complex
5. Juana prays that she and Kino will go out in the
canoe and find a pearl. complex
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Review: Exercise 5
Identifying Adjective Clauses
Underline each adjective clause. Circle each relative pronoun.
Underline twice the noun or pronoun that each adjective clause
modifies.
1. The fishing industry is important to those who live
near the sea.
2. Fishing, which people have done for thousands
of years, is the livelihood of millions of people.
3. Most commercial fishing occurs in the sea, which
is the main source of fish.
4. The weather, which is often unpredictable, can be
an enemy of fishers.
5. Rough, stormy seas can end a fishing trip that is
vital to a person’s income.
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Review: Exercise 6
Identifying Adverb Clauses
Underline each adverb clause. Circle each subordinating
conjunction. Underline twice the verb or verb phrase that each
adverb clause modifies.
1. People eat seafood because it is a good source
of protein.
2. Since oysters provide nourishment, they
have become a popular seafood.
3. Oysters are often found where the water is quiet,
calm, and shallow.
4. When they are twenty-four hours old, oysters
develop shells.
5. After being allowed to grow for three to five years,
oysters are harvested.
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Review: Exercise 7
Distinguishing Between Adjective
and Adverb Clauses
Underline each subordinate clause once and the word that the
clause modifies twice. Then identify the clause’s function as
that of an adjective or an adverb.
1. Early canoes were made from tree trunks, which
dwellers in the Caribbean islands hollowed out.
adjective
2. The North American peoples also used canoes,
which they made from birchbark and wooden
frames. adjective
3. Birchbark canoes provided excellent
transportation because they were light and
relatively fast. adverb
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Review: Exercise 7
Distinguishing Between Adjective
and Adverb Clauses (cont.)
Underline each subordinate clause once and the word that the
clause modifies twice. Then identify the clause’s function as
that of an adjective or an adverb.
4. When they explored parts of North America,
Marquette and Joliet traveled in birchbark
canoes. adverb
5. Today’s canoes, which are used for recreation,
are made from aluminum, canvas, fiberglass, or
wood. adjective
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Review: Exercise 8
Identifying Noun Clauses
Underline each noun clause, and label it subject, direct object,
object of a preposition, or predicate noun.
1. Can you guess what makes canoeing so popular
today? direct object
2. That canoes are easy to use and affordable may
help their popularity. subject
3. Another reason may be that they are easily
transported from place to place. predicate noun
4. Where you go canoeing adds to the pleasure.
subject
5. Whoever has paddled a canoe down a quiet
stream understands. subject
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Review: Exercise 9
Writing Complex Sentences
Combine each pair of sentences below, using the correct
relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction in parentheses.
You may have to delete some words.
1. John Steinbeck wrote The Pearl. He has written
many novels. (who, which)
John Steinbeck, who wrote The Pearl, has written
many novels.
2. Steinbeck was born and reared in northern
California. Many of his stories take place in
northern California. (whatever, where)
Steinbeck was born and raised in northern
California where many of his stories take place.
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Review: Exercise 9
Writing Complex Sentences (cont.)
Combine each pair of sentences below, using the correct
relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction in parentheses.
You may have to delete some words.
3. This area had fish canneries and farms.
Steinbeck’s stories are often about fish canneries
and farming. (because, until)
Because this area had fish canneries and farms,
Steibeck’s stories are often about fish canning
and farming.
4. Steinbeck worked at a series of temporary jobs.
He attended Stanford University. (while, as if)
Steinbeck worked at a series of temporary jobs
while he attended Stanford University.
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Review: Exercise 9
Writing Complex Sentences (cont.)
Combine each pair of sentences below, using the correct
relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction in parentheses.
You may have to delete some words.
5. The characters in Steinbeck’s novels were based
on people. He knew and respected these people.
(whom, which)
The characters in Steinbeck’s novels were based
on people whom he knew and respected.
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Review: Exercise 10
Proofreading
The following passage is about the artist Paul Sierra, whose
painting A Place in Time appears on page 517 of your textbook.
Rewrite the passage, correcting the errors in spelling,
capitalization, grammar, and usage. Add any missing punctuation.
1Born
in a cuban community in 1944, Paul Sierra was
expected to enter a profession. 2Although he receive little
encouragement he spent hours drawing in notebooks and
reading books on painting. 3When he was sixteen Sierra
moved to the United States and he lived first in Miami and
then in Chicago. 4The only formal art training Sierra
recieved was three years at the Art Institute of Chicago,
where he enrolled in 1963. 5Today Sierra work as the
creative director of a small advertising agency. 6His job
allow him the freedom to paint for himself and he can
ignore the expectations of others. 7“I only hope,” he says
“to live long enough to make a good painting.”
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Review: Exercise 10
Proofreading (cont.)
The following passage is about the artist Paul Sierra, whose
painting A Place in Time appears on page 517 of your textbook.
Rewrite the passage, correcting the errors in spelling,
capitalization, grammar, and usage. Add any missing punctuation.
1Born
in a Cuban community in 1944, Paul Sierra was
expected to enter a profession. 2Although he received little
encouragement, he spent hours drawing in notebooks and
reading books on painting. 3When he was sixteen, Sierra
moved to the United States, and he lived first in Miami
and then in Chicago. 4The only formal art training Sierra
received was three years at the Art Institute of Chicago,
where he enrolled in 1963. 5Today Sierra works as the
creative director of a small advertising agency. 6His job
allows him the freedom to paint for himself, and he can
ignore the expectations of others. 7“I only hope,” he says,
“to live long enough to make a good painting.”
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Review: Exercise 11
Mixed Review
Identify the sentence as simple, compound, or complex. If a
sentence is complex, write the subordinate clause. Then
identify the subordinate clause as an adverb clause, an
adjective clause, or a noun clause.
1. That someone might find a precious pearl inside
an oyster is intriguing and exciting.
complex–That someone might find a precious
pearl inside an oyster–noun clause
2. Although it is possible to find a natural pearl in an
edible oyster, it isn’t likely.
complex–Although it is possible to find a natural
pearl in an edible oyster–adverb clause
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Review: Exercise 11
Mixed Review (cont.)
Identify the sentence as simple, compound, or complex. If a
sentence is complex, write the subordinate clause. Then
identify the subordinate clause as an adverb clause, an
adjective clause, or a noun clause.
3. Most natural pearls come from the Persian Gulf
and Sri Lanka; the Red Sea and the Philippines
are also a source of natural pearls.
compound
4. Pearls are valued for their color, shape, clarity,
and weight.
simple
5. In areas where natural pearls are scarce, pearls
are cultured.
complex–where natural pearls are scarce
adjective clause
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Close
Reread the passage in the Mixed Review
exercise. In you journal, write a paragraph
discussing the effect of using varied
sentence structures.
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Click the mouse button to return to the Contents slide.
I’ve been to Mexico and Canada, but I’ve never traveled
outside North America.
I’d like to visit Asia and Africa, and Australia sounds
interesting.
My friend rode the train across Siberia, and it took eight full
days.
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Possible answer:
When the new camels arrive at the zoo, I really want to
spend the whole day there because camels have always
interested me.
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Jo, who grew up in China, learned to ride a bike at the age of
four.
She won the first race that she entered.
She is now a young woman who hopes to race in the
Olympics.
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Marco chose that bike because it was on sale.
Although he wanted a more expensive model, he didn’t
get it.
I would have lent him money if he had asked me.
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Bob asked what a noun clause is.
“It has a subject and a verb,” I said, “but it is used as a noun.”
I recommended that he study the book Writer’s Choice:
Grammar and Composition.
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Sample answers:
The toddler knows that candy is sweet.
After playing soccer, Tom felt tired, which makes sense.
When the car stopped, Rick unfastened his seat belt.
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Sample answers:
Jane’s story was the funniest one that was told.
Sam, who lives next door, is a biologist.
The prize is behind the door where you can see the sign.
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Sentence Variety in Writing
• In this passage from The Diary of Latoya Hunter, the writer
varies her sentence structure to capture the natural flow of
her thoughts. Notice the underlined words. 
It’s hard to believe but people change as rapidly as the
world does. If I had kept you as a diary two years ago, you
would have heard about Jimmy. He was the first guy who I
was close to and who was a real friend to me. I liked him
because other boys always seemed to be in a popularity
contest, and he didn’t care about that stuff.
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Techniques in Sentence
Variety
• Try to apply some of Latoya Hunter’s writing
techniques when you write and revise your
own work. 
• When appropriate in dialogue or personal writing,
mix simple, compound, and complex sentences
to help your writing sound lively and realistic. 
– FLAT SENTENCE PATTERN It’s hard to believe. People
change as rapidly as the world does.
– HUNTER’S VERSION It’s hard to believe but people change
as rapidly as the world does.
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Techniques in Sentence
Variety
• Make your writing more specific by using
subordinate clauses to tell readers which ideas and
information are the most important: 
– LESS SPECIFIC VERSION I liked him. Other boys always
seemed to be in a popularity contest. He didn’t care about
that stuff.
– HUNTER’S VERSION I liked him because other boys always
seemed to be in a popularity contest, and he didn’t care
about that stuff.
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Practice
Practice these techniques as you revise the following passage.
Identify the ideas that might be subordinated and experiment with
different sentence structures to create variety.
A strong wind tore across the fields. It rippled the wheat.
Pieces scattered to the skies. Splinters of wheat struck the
boy’s face. Ernest struggled on toward the house. He could
see Pa on the tractor in the far field. He hollered. His voice
was lost on the wind. Slowly but steadily, Ernest inched his
way against the gusts. He reached the house. His mother
quickly opened the door. He plunged into the stillness.
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Practice
Practice these techniques as you revise the following passage.
Identify the ideas that might be subordinated and experiment with
different sentence structures to create variety.
Sample answer:
A strong wind tore across the fields, rippling the wheat and
scattering pieces to the skies. Splinters of wheat struck the
boy’s face, but Ernest struggled on toward the house. He
could se Pa on the tractor in the far field. Though he hollered,
his voice was lost on the wind. Slowly but steadily, Ernest
inched his way against the gusts. When he reached the
house, his mother quickly opened the door, and he plunged
into the stillness.
Explore online information about the
topics introduced in this unit.
Click on the Connect button to launch your browser and go to the
Writer’s Choice Web site. At this site, you will find unit overviews,
interactive activities, and Web sites correlated with the units and
lessons in the textbook. When you finish exploring, exit the
browser program to return to this presentation. If you experience
difficulty connecting to the Web site, manually launch your Web
browser and go to http://writerschoice.glencoe.com
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