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Morphology, Part 3: Word-Formation Processes January 31, 2012 Problem Set Review • The unemployment controversy. • Esperanto + William Shatner Gender-Free Quick Write • Is it feasible for speakers of English to create genderfree pronouns? Gender-Free Quick Write • Is it feasible for speakers of English to create genderfree pronouns? Gender-Free Quick Write • Is it feasible for speakers of English to create genderfree pronouns? Gender-Free Quick Write • Is it feasible for speakers of English to create genderfree pronouns? Find out more at: http://www.bignewsday.com/story.asp?code=BZ345203T&news=yo_being_used_as_gender-neutral_pronoun More Word Formation Processes • • So far, we’ve only looked at one type of word-formation process: affixation • = concatenating morphemes in a row • Prefixation, suffixation, infixation, circumfixation… There are many different ways to make new words without concatenating morphemes together. • compounding • internal change • reduplication • blending, etc. Compounding • In compounding, two or more free morphemes combine to make a new word • Ex: baseball, blackboard, lightbulb, podcast • Compounding is very common in the world’s languages. • German is particularly fond of compounding: Donaudampfschiffahrtgesellschaft Donau “danube” Dampf “steam” Schiff “ship” Fahrt “excursion” Gesellschaft “company” Compounding Tests • Stress Shifts blackbird vs. black bird lightbulb vs. light bulb • Adverbs can’t modify compound nouns: *extremely gentleman vs. extremely gentle man *the very White House vs. the very white house • Note: it’s also possible to form verb and adjective compounds: • Verbs: dropkick, spoonfeed, whitewash… • Adjectives: nationwide, redhot… Back Formations • Back formations: removal of an (incorrectly perceived) affix to form a new word • Ex: “edit” • “editor” perceived as /edit/ + /-er/ • Other examples: peddle (from peddler) swindle (from swindler) burgle (from burglar) pea (from pease) laze (from lazy) liaise (from liaison) • A “reverse” backformation: Chinese (from Chinee + /-s/) A Sipid Story of Requited Love “It had been a rough day, so when I walked into the party I was very chalant, despite my efforts to appear gruntled and consolate. I was furling my wieldy umbrella...when I saw her...She was a descript person...Her hair was kempt, her clothing shevelled, and she moved in a gainly way.” --from “How I Met My Wife”, by Jack Winter • Check out more at: http://www.matefl.org/_mgxroot/page_10679.html • Or consider: Reduplication • Reduplication: repetition of all or part of the stem • Indonesian: (total reduplication) rumah ‘house’ rumahrumah ‘houses’ ibu ‘mother’ ibuibu ‘mothers’ lalat ‘fly’ lalatlalat ‘flies’ • Tagalog: (partial reduplication) bili ‘buy’ bibili ‘will buy’ kain ‘eat’ kakain ‘will eat’ pasok ‘enter’ papasok ‘will enter’ Reduplication in English? • There are a few examples of reduplication in English. • Can you think of any? • Individual words/phrases: “bling bling”, “very very”, “teeny weeny”… • There is also one reduplicative process in English… • schm- reduplication: fancy schmancy tired schmired football schmootball Nobel Prize schmobel prize ...etc. Internal Change • A (slightly) more common word-formation process in English is internal change. • = changing sounds inside a root creates a new word. • Also known as alternations sing ~ sang present/past drive ~ drove present/past foot ~ feet singular/plural mouse ~ mice singular/plural import ~ import noun/verb present ~ present noun/verb By the way... • Some internal change processes have (limited) productivity in English • What’s the past tense of “sing”? sang sung • ring? rang rung • bring? brang? brung? brought? brought? Roots and Patterns • An extreme form of “internal change” is found in Semitic languages, like Arabic and Hebrew • “Root and pattern morphology” • Arabic: /k-t-b/ root “write” kitaab alkitaab maktab kataba kaataba ifkataba kuttaab ‘a book’ ‘the book’ ‘office’ ‘to write’ ‘to correspond’ ’to make a copy’ ‘Koranic school’ kutub kaatib maktaba kattaba ?uktaba kutubii miktaab ‘books’ ‘author’ ‘library’ ‘to make write’ ‘to dictate’ ‘bookseller’ ‘typewriter’ Conversion • Conversion = usage of an exising word in a new lexical category. • English makes use of this process a lot. • Examples: • to butter to nail (N V) • a report a call (V N) • to right (a wrong) to total (a car) (A V) • Closer to home? • cookie: noun to verb (cookie-ize?) Awkwardizations? • Football Announcer-ese: • “Sanders defensed the pass.” (noun to verb) • “Urlacher lost weakside contain.” (verb to noun) • Corporate speak? • During Hurricane Katrina: • "We heard that there was a gentleman who was stuck in his boat just downstream from us so we are efforting to help rescue agencies to find him". Conversion Suppletion • Suppletion occurs when inflected forms of a word have different roots. • In English, this is rare: • go ~ went • be ~ were • compare with: walk ~ walked; cook ~ cooked • Portuguese: • ir “to go” comer “to eat” • vou “I go” como “I eat” • fui “I went” comi “I ate” • ia “I was going” comia “I was eating” Child Verb Morphology • Patterns like the following are frequently found in child language acquisition: Present Past Stage 1: go went Stage 2: go goed Stage 3: go went • What’s going on here? • What is the child doing, as a language learner? Clipping • Clipping = shortening of an existing word. • demo from “demonstration” • condo from “condominium” • fax from “facsimile” • deli from “delicatessen” • lab from “laboratory” • taxicab from “taximeter cabriolet” • (cabriolet = horse-drawn carriage) Blends • Blending = melding together parts of two different words. • brunch from breakfast and lunch • smog from smoke and fog • spam from spiced and ham • telethon from television and marathon • chortle from chuckle and snort • motel from motor and hotel • chillax from chill and relax • bankster from banker and gangster • bricked from brilliant and wicked The Remainders • Coinage • = completely making a new word up. • Example: snarky, dog • Eponyms • = naming words after people • ex: boycott, crapper, sideburns • Acronyms • Creating a word out of an abbreviation. • ex: scuba, radar, laser