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Yoruba Language What is Morphology? the identification, analysis, and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units Morphemes the smallest meaningful unit of a language Low morphemeper-word ratio Isolating language High morphemeper-word ratio Synthetic language Yoruba People An ethnic group of southwestern Nigeria and southern Benin in West Africa Yoruba Language a Nigerian language spoken in West Africa, mainly in Nigeria Why is Yoruba an Isolating Language? Low morpheme-per-word ratio / Subject-verb-object A single or compound word gives a complete sentence Ó rá (He disappears) antidisestablishmentarianism "against-ending-institutionalize-condition-advocate-ideology" "the movement to prevent revoking the Church of England's status as the official church" Methods of Formation of Words NominalPronominal System Affixation Derivation Compounding Verbal System Reduplication Affixation Nominal forms can derive from verbs and verb phrases by means of affixes Prefixes a- and ò- are used to form agent nouns Example: denoting a person or an object that performs an action apẹja: fisherman (pa = kill, ẹja = fish) òjíṣẹ́: messenger (jẹ́ = answer, iṣẹ́ = message) Prefixes ì- and à- are used to form abstract nouns from verbs and verb phrases ìṣẹ́: poverty (ṣẹ́ = to break) àlọ: going (lọ = go) Reduplication • Used to express intensification • To form agentive nouns and adjectives from verbs, verbal phrases and ideophones Intensive = púpọ̀ (much) → púpọ̀púpọ̀ (very much) Adjective = jẹ (to eat) → jíjẹ (edible) Agentive noun = jà (fight) + ogun (war) → jagunjagun (warrior) Ideophone = ramúramù (a loud noise) Compounding Two nouns are joined together by deleting the initial vowel of the second word to create a new word with a different meaning ewé (leaf) + ọbẹ̀ (soup) = ewébẹ̀ (vegetable) ìyá (mother) + ọkọ (husband) = ìyakọ (mother in law) ẹran (meat) + oko (farm) = ẹranko (animal)