Download 1- The components of the compounding words.

Compounding in English
1- The components of the compounding words.
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The first element of a compound can be:
a- a noun, e.g. armchair
b- an adjective, e.g. blackboard
c- a verb, e.g. drawback
d- a pronoun, e.g. he goat
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The second element of a compounding noun can be:
a- a noun, e.g. goldsmith
b- a pronoun, e.g. overall
c- a verb or verb stem, e.g. smash-and-grab,
chimney-sweep
d- an adverb, e.g. passer-by, fly-over
Compound Nouns
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Noun + Noun : manservant , woman
doctor
Subject + Verb = sunrise , daybreak
Verb + Object = pick-pocket
Verb + Verb = make-believe
Adjective + noun = fast-food , software
Phrase compound = son-in-law
Subject + object = car cable , chairperson
Subject + complement = blackboard ,
ashtray
Compound Verbs
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Noun + verb = sky-dive , carbon-copy
Verb + verb = freeze-dry
Particle + verb = overlook ,
Adjective + noun = badmouth
Noun + noun = breath-test
Adverb + verb = downsize , upgrade
Adjective + verb = white-wash , blacklist
Compound Adjectives
 Verb +object = life-giving , man-eating
 Verb + adverbial = airborne , far-fetched
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verbless = age-old
 Adjective + adjective = bitter-sweet, open-ended
Compound Adverbs: off-hand, over-night
There is a syntactic relation between the two elements
a. Syntactic word group relations, e.g. part of speech sonin-low, good- for nothing.
b. co-ordination, e.g. bread-and-butter, gin-and-tonic.
c. Verb and object, e.g. cease-fire.
d. adjective and noun, e.g. blackbird, bluebell.
e. Adverb and verb, e.g. downpour, outlay.
f. Adverb and noun, e.g. outpost.
g. The first element may denote the subject daybreak.
h. the first element denote the object, e.g. bloodshed.
Semantic relationship between the two elements of
compound word
a. The first element denotes place or time, e.g.
headache
place
nightclub
time
b. The first element denotes purpose, e.g.
teacup, tea bag, water glass
c. The first element denotes means or instrument, e.g.
handwriting, typewriting
d. The first element denotes resemblance, e.g. goldfish
e. The first element denotes sex, e.g.
manservant, maidservant, lady speaker
Types of Compounds
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Endocentric: The rightmost element of
the compound identifies the class that the
meaning of the entire word is related to,
e.g. dog food , a fireman , fast food ,
blackboard
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Exocentric: the meaning of the compound
does not come from the meaning of its
parts, e.g. redhead, egghead, turncoat
Types of Compounds
1- Solid or closed Compounds: two usually moderately
short words appear together as one, e.g. housewife,
lawsuit, weekend wallpaper, makeup
a- Compass directions are closed like:
northwest / southeast
b-Numbers suffixed with fold are closed as in:
ninetyfold / sevenfold / twofold
c- preposition+ verb like: underline / outrun
d- Adverb+ verb like: update / downsize
e- Adjective+ verb as: blacklist / whitewash
f- Noun+ verb as: manhandle / sidestep
Types of Compounds
2- Hyphenated Compounds: two or more words are
connected by a hyphen.
 Compounds containing affixes such as
house-build(er) and single-mind(ed) (ness),
 adjective-adjective compounds: bitter-sweet,
dark-green
 verb-verb compounds: freeze-dry
 Compounds containing particles (prepositions or
conjunctions): mother-in-law , salt-and-pepper
 Adjectives preceding nouns like: round-table
/ four-year child
Types of Compounds
3- Open or spaced Compounds involves a
newer combination of usually longer
words such as:
distance learning
lawn tennis
police station
cigarette lighter
Arabic Compounds
Almurrakab Al-Idafi: ‫المركب اإلضافي‬
The syntactic relation between the components is
of the possessive or genitive case, e.g. ‫دودة االرض‬
‫عجلة القيادة عبدهللا يوم الحساب‬
2. ‫ المركب المزجي‬fusional compound, e.g. two
or more words are fused and become as one
‫ حضرموت‬، ‫بيت لحم‬
3. ‫ المركب االسنادي‬predicative compound: The
syntactic structure is that of predication , e.g
‫(تأبط شرا‬he has taken evil under his arm)
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Arabic Compounds
4. ‫ الحروف المركبة‬compound particles are particles combined
with ma which has various meanings
‫( ربما‬rubba ‫ رب‬+ ma ‫ ) ما‬perhaps
‫( حيثما‬haythu ‫ حيث‬+ ma ‫ ) ما‬whenever
‫ ريثما‬، ‫ كيفما‬، ‫ لوال‬، ‫حالما‬
5. Defective verb compound: They are usually construed with
/ma ‫ما‬/ as their first element. This particle may add the
sense of duration or negation to the second element.
‫ ما انفك‬، ‫ ما زال‬، ‫ ما برح‬، ‫ما دام‬
6. compound numerals from 11 to19
7.Numbers from twenty one to ninety nine
Problems That students face in using compounds
1. Putting
the incorrect complement to the other part:
housewife
house women.
2. Difficulty in memorizing the compounds since the
compound is a specific concept as a whole and we
cannot change its parts.
3. Not putting a hyphen to isolate two words which
confuse the meaning:
round-table meeting not a round table
4. Changing the parts of compound, e.g.
overlook
look over
Activities for teaching Compounding
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For each compound word, make three picture cards. One card
should include an image of the compound word while the other
two cards should include images of the two words that form the
compound.
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For example, use a picture of a tooth and a picture of a brush for
the compound word toothbrush. As an activity, hold up the two
cards that make up the compound. Have the learners figure out
the words and then the compound word. Once the students have
figured out the compound, show them the picture of the compound
word. This picture card activity also teaches young children that
compounds are formed by combining two or more words.